Knowledge related to Ms Word, Ms Excel, Ms Access, Ms Power Point, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Pagemaker is mentioned below.

(ICT) – information and communications Technology 

ICT is a board and comprehensive term, which Comprises information technology and communication. technology. It is defined as a diverse set of technological tools and resources used to communicate and to create, disseminate, store and manage information.These technology includes Computer internet, wireless network, cell Phones, broadcasting technologies (radio and television ) and others. Communication mediums. It refers to technologies that provides access to information through telecommunication.

* disseminate :- To Spread widely
* telecommunication : Distance Communication through electrical signals.

#Information -(जानकारी)
→ उपाय वा तथ्य सत्य जसले कुनै विषयलाई व्याख्या गर्छ। यो लिखित विवरण सुनसक्छ कुनै चित्र कुनै भिडियो, कुनै आवाज हुनसक्छ जसबाट हामीले केहि जानकारी पाएर त्यसलाई अर्को रुपमा विस्तृतीकरण गर्न सक्छौ भने त्यसलाई जानकारी भन्ने बुझिन्छ।

#Communication (संचार)

दुई वा सो भन्दा बढी मानिसबीच यन्त्रबीच सरकार र संघ संस्थाहरू बीच उपाय वा जानकारी साटासाट हुनुलाई संचार (Communication) भनिन्छ ।
#Technology (उपकरण यन्त्र)

कुनै पनि समस्या समाधान गर्न प्रयोग गरिने उपकरणहरु विभिन्न साधनहरू जुन विज्ञानको महतले बनेको हुन्छन् । जसलाई हामी Technology भन्न सक्छौ ।

#Information Communication Technology (ICT)

ICT भनेको जानकारी दिने (Information) वा उपकरण यन्त्र (Technology), को विस्तृत रूप हो । जसले जानकारी र संञ्चारलाई एकै ठाउँमा जोड़ेर बढी भन्दा बढी यन्त्र वा मानिसबीच जानकारी को लेनदेन गर्न मद्दत गर्दछ । सञ्चारमा धेरै प्रकारका यन्त्र वा संञ्चारका स्रोतहरू प्रयोग गरिन्छ जसले गर्दा सबैतिर त्यो जानकारी,पुर्‍याउनको लागि, त्यसलाई भविष्यमा प्रयोग गर्नको लागि व्यवस्थित र सुरक्षित तरिकाले राख्न सक्ने, त्यस्तो यन्त्र लाई Information Communication Tehnology (ICT) भनिन्छ ।

# Various Services and application associated with ICT are’s (विविध कामहरू प्रयोग र यसका स्रोतहरु )

1. Phone Call
2. video comferencing
3.Listening news
4. Distance learning
5. Sending mail
6. Watching Film
7. Reading news paper
8. Playing video games

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# Needs of ICT (ICT का आवश्यकता )
1.To exchange learning, anywhere, anytime and anyhow.
2. To Promote the culture of learning.
3. To improve the quality of lemming.
4. To break literacy barriers in communication.
5. To create knowledgeable Socitey
6.To make you Connect with global community
7. To support sharing information and experience with others etc.

# Importante of ICT (ICT को महत्त्व )

1. Immediacy to information.
2. Access to variety of learning resources.
3. Any time any where learning.
4. Collaborating leaming,
5. Authentic and up to date information.
6. Distance education.
7. Reduce time on many routine tasks etc.

# ICT को महत्व

1.छिटो छरितो रूपमा जानकारी दिन्छ ।
2.विविध खालका सिकाइका स्रोतहरू ICT ले प्रदान गर्छ ।
3.जहाँ र जुनसुकै समयमा सिकाइ प्रदान गर्छ ।
4.ICT ले सहयोगी शिक्षा प्रदान गर्छ ।
5. सत्य तथ्य र समय सान्दर्भिक जानकारी पाउन सहयोग गर्छ ।
6. लामो दुरी सिकाइ ICT को सहयोगबाट हुन्छ ।
7.धेरै समय लाग्ने कामलाई सानो समयमा सक्न यसले ठूलो र महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेल्छ।

Impacts of ICT on Society (ICT ले समाजमा पार्ने प्रभावहरु

# Positive impacts (सकारात्मक प्रभाव)
1.Faster Communication speed.
2.Lower communication cost.
3.Reliable mode of Communication.
4.Effective sharing of information.
5.Paperless Communication.
6.Create employment.
7. Education benefit.

#Negtive impacts (नकारात्मक प्रभावहरु )
1.Individualistic and introvert mobile.
2.Health problems.
3.The privacy issue
4.The threat to the system Security
5.The threat to access by the hackers.

About Computer

1.What is Computer ?
A Computer is an electronic device, Operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data, process the data according to specified rules, produce results and store the results for future use. Charles Babbage is know as father of Computer.

Working Process of Computer

Input ←→ Process ←→ Output
↓
Store

Full form of Computer

C → Commonly (सामान्यताl)
0→ Operating (काम गर्ने )
M→ Machine (उपकरण)
P→ Particulary or purposely (कुनै कारणसहित)
U→Used in (प्रयोग गरिन्छ)
T→ Technology and (प्राविधिक वा प्रविधि २)
E → Educational ( शैक्षिक )
R→ Research ( खोज अनुसन्धान )

#Characteristics of Computer
1.High Speed : Computer is very fast machine. It Can Perform millions of calculations in a few Seconds as compared to man who will spend many months for doing Sarme Work.

2.Accuracy:- In addition to being very fast, Computers are very accurate or exact. The calculations done by computer is 100%, error free only when correct data is entered.

3.storage Capacity: It can Store mass storage of data with appropriate format.

4.Diligene – Computer can work for hours Without any break or rest and creating error.

5.Versetility: A Computer is a versetile machine capable of performing any kind of task. We can Use Computer to perform Completely different type of work at the Same time.

6.No feelings :- Computers have no feelings or emotions. It can not of make decision based on experience and knowledge.

Types of Computer
Today Computers are classified on the basis of their Capacities and use. on the basis of function Size, brand and model, computers are classified as following types:

1.on the basis of size
a.Personal computer
b.Mini Computer
c.Work Station
d.main Frame Computer
e.Super Computer

2.on the basis of work
a.Analog Computer
b.Digital Computer
c.Hybrid Computer

3.on the basis of Bround
a.IBM PC
b.IBM Compatible
c.apple /machintosh (mac)

4.on the basis of Model
a. XT Computer (Extended technology)
b.AT Computer (Advance technology)
c.Personal system-2 (ps/2) Computer

#Keyboard
→ A Computer keyboard is an input device used to enter Characters and functions into the computer system by pressing buttons, or keys. It is a primary device to enter text.

#Types of keyboard
→ There are three types of keyboards, these are :-

a.Standard keyboard
b.Multimedia keyboard.
c.Wireless keyboard (Bluetooth)

a.standard keyboard – It is know as “QWERTY” keyboard.
b.Multimedia keyboard: This keyboards is one with media keys. For eg. web Browser, Email etc.
c.Wireless keyboard (Bluetooth) :- This computer, allows the user to communicate with Computers, tablets or laptops with the help of radio frequency such as with and Bluetooth etc.

#The keys on your keyboard can be divided into Several group bared on function:

1.Typing (Alphanumeric ) keys
2.Control keys (11)
3.function keys (12) (F¹ – F¹2).
4. Navigation keys (10) -(Home.. End)
5.Numeric keys

About Some key
a.Tab:- This key helps us to give Targe space.
bCaps Lock:- This key helps us to type all the letters in capital.
c.Shift :- This key allows us to type only one letter in Capital.
d.Ctrl: This key helps us to types shortcut keys.
e.Windows key : This key helps to bring Run Box.
f.Alt :This key helps to type shortcut key and Nepali Code number Cut Selected text.
f.Space Bar :- This key helps to give little Space
g.Enter :- This key helps us to jump on next line next page and act as ok button.
h.Back Space :- This key helps to erase mistakes.
i.Esc (Escape) :- This key helps to cancel or return back from opened Program.
j.function keys:- All function key are used, to Perform different (F1 to F12 )

Work on computer
F1 -Helps
F2 -Rename file and folder
Alt + F4 -Shut down
F5 – Refresh.
F12 -Save as

k. Arrow keys – This arrow keys are also called Cursor keys. These keys are used to move the cursor. up, down, lelf and right.

l. Delete :- This key helps to delete one character to the right cf the cursor.

m.Insert This key helps us to insert the text that you type at the place of cursor.

n.Page Up :- This key is used to move curser or page Up One Screen.

o.page down : This key is used to Move page Cursor or
Page down one screen.

Home This key move the cursor to the top or first of line and document..
End: This key move the cursor to the botton or end of line and document.
Prt Scn (print screen) :- This key is used to take Screenshot and store it in the Clip board.
Scroll lock :- This key is used to stop the Scrolling of text or document
Pause / Break: The puse key is used to pause or stop Computer process…
Num lock: This key is used to lock numbers.

Generation of computer

→ Generation in computer terminology is a change in techndogy of a computer being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between changing hardware technologies. Nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, Which together make up an entire Computer system. There are five computer generations know till date these are mentioned below:

1.First Generation

→ The period of first generation Computer was 1942- 1955, first generation Computers started. With using Vaccum tubes as the basic components. for memory and Circuitary for cpu. These tubes produced lots of heat and were prone to frequent fusing of the installations, there fore they were very Very expensive and could be afforded only by very large organizations.

# The main features of this generations were :
a.Vaccum tube technology
bUnreliable
c. very costly
d.Grenerate lot of heat
e.Huge size
f. Need of Ac
g. Consumed lots of electricity etc.

*Examples of this generation Computers Were:

•ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) •EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)
•UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)

2.Second Generation
→The period of Second generation was 1956-1964. These generations Computers using the transistor were chea Per, Consumed less Power more Compact in size, More reliable and faster than first generation machines mode of Vaccum tubes. In this generation magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic tape, magnetic disks as Secondary devices.

#Features of Second generation Computers were
a. Use of transistors
b. As Compared to first generation computers these are more reliable, generate less, heat, smaller in size, Consume less electricity and much faster, etc.

*Examples of Second generation computers were : .
•IBM 1620 International Business Machine-1620)
•CDC 3600 (Centers for Disease Control -3600)
•UNIVAC 7708 (Universal Automatic Computer – 1108)

3. Third Generation
→The period of this generation was 1965-1972. These generations Computers uses integrated circuits (lC’s) in the place of transistors. The Integrated Circuits was invented by Jack kilby. This development made Computers smaller in size, reliable and efficient.

#The main features of Third generation Computer were

a. Ic used
b. more reliable
c.Smaller Size
d.Generate less heat
e. faster
f.Consumed less electricity.
g.still costly

*Some example of this generation were:
•IBM -360l International Business Machine-360) Series.
•Honey will-6000 Series
•PDP (Personal data processor)
•TDC-316(Torpedo Data Computer-316)

4. Fourth Generation

→ The Period of fourth Generation was 1973 to present. These generation Computers uses very Large Integrated Circuits (VLIC) So, these computers became more power full, Compact, reliable and affordable. As q result, it gave rise to personal computer (PC) revolution.

#The main features of fourth generation computers were a.VLIC Technology were used
b.very cheap
c.Use of Pc’s
d. Very small size
e.No Ac needed.
f.Reliable and Portable
g.Computers become easily available, etc..

*Examples of this generation were
•DEC 10 (Digital Equipment Corporation)
•PDP 11 (Programmed Data Processor).
•CRAY-1 (Super Computer ) etc..

5.Fifth Generation

→The Period of Fifth Generation is ongoing till date. In the fifth generation, the VLSI (very Large scale of Integration became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale of Integration ) technology, resulting in the producation of microprocessor chips having ten millions electronic components
This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and artificial Intelligence (AI) Software.
AI includes: Robotics, Neutral network, Game playing, Natural Language understanding Generation etc..

*The main features of fifth generation were:
a.ULSI Technology
b. Development of true Artifical Intelligence
c.Advancement in parallel prossing
d.Availability of very powerful and compact computers. at cheaper rates etc.

* Some Computers types of this generation were!

•Destop
• Notepad
•Laptop
•Ultra Book etc..

Shortcut Key in Microsoft Word

shortcut option → Function
Ctrl+A → select all contents of page
Ctrl+B →Bold Selected text or Paragraph
Ctrl+C → Copy Selected text
Ctrl + X → Cut / Remove Select text
Ctrl+N → to open New / Blank document
Ctrl+O →Open options
Ctrl+P → to open print options.
Ctrl+F → to open find box
Ctrl+Y → Redo the last action performed.
Ctrl+Z →undo last action
Ctrl+G → Go to / Find and replace option
Ctrl+L → Left Alignment
Ctrl+Q → Left alignment
Ctrl+v → paste
Ctrl+T → Tab
Ctrl+H →Replace options
Ctrl+Shift + + Superscript
Ctrl+E →Center Alignment
Ctrl+R → Right alignment
Ctrl+M →Indent the paragraph
Ctrl+shift > or ctrl+] → Increase font size
Ctrl+Shift < or ctrl+ [ → Decrease font size
Ctrl+←:- Move one word to left
Ctrl+→ :- Move one word to Right.
Ctrl+↑ :- Move to beginning of line or porgraph
Ctrl+↓ :- Move to end of paragraph
Ctrl+Del → Delete words to right of cursor
Ctrl + ‘=’ subscript
Shift + F3 → Changes case
Ctrl + Alt + 1→ Change text to Heading – 1
Ctrl + Alt + 2 → Change text to Heading – 2
Ctrl + Alt + 3 → Change text to Heading – 3
Ctrl+w → close
F1 → Grammar / spelling check of selected text
Ctrl+S → Save
F12→ Save as
Alt+F4 →Shut down / Exit
Ctri+g → Go to / find and replace option.
Ctrl+F2 → print preview
Ctrl+ Shift +D → Double under line.
F5 →Refresh
Ctrl+shift+C → format painter
Ctrl+k→ Hyper link
Ctrl+ (Return) Enter → Page Break
Alt + ‘=’ → Equation.

Concept of Hardware and software

* Types of Computer system
→ A workable Computer System is made up of two major aspects these are Hardware and Software.

a. Hardware :- In a simple terms, hardware refers to the physical Component’s that make Computer system.

The main Hardware parts of Computer are :-
i) Monitor
Ii)CPU
iii) Motherboard (main board) that is Internal part of cpu.
iv) Primary Storage (RAM) )
v) Secondary Storage ( Hard disk),
vi) mouse
vii)keyboard
viii) optical Drive that is compact disk DVD etc…

a.Software
→In order to do any specific job on Computer your have to give a sequence of instruction to the Computer. This Set of instructions are called Computer Program. Software refers to the set of computer Programs that describes the program and procedure, how they are to be used. Software is the collection of programs which increases the capabilies of hardware.

There are two types of software

a. System Software
b. Application Software

a.System Software: It is a type of Computer program that is designed to run Computer’s hardware and application programs.

System Software is further divided into three types:
a. Operting System
b.Language processor / Translating programs.
c.Utility Software.

i) operting systerne

→ An Operting System (Os) is system software that manages Computer hardware Software resources and Provides Common resources for Computer program for ex. Linux, 95/98/NT/XP etc.

ii) Language processor & Translating programs
→ The Software Which translate instructions written in human Convenient form to machine language code. for ex. Compiler Assembler and inter preter etc.

ii) Utility Software
→ It is known as service programs, that Perform Services such as editing text or or program and to correct logical mistakes. for ex. Scan disk , disk Cleans up and backup etc…

* Features of system Software:
→system software is closer to system
→ Generally written in low-level language
→ The system Software is difficult to design and understand.
→Fast in speed
→less interactive
→Smaller in size
→ Hard to moni pulake etc.

b). Application Software It is a Computer programs that allows user to perform Specific tasks. These programs are Commonly referred to as ‘apps’ and usually completely Self Contained and commercially Produced. for ex Student record software. micro software, micro soft Excel, Railways reserration Software Income tax Software, microsoft powerpoint etc..

features of Applications Software

1. It is easy to user.
2. It is close to design.
3. more interactive
4.Slow In speed
5. Generally written in high level language.
6.Easy to understand.
7. Esay to manipulate and use.
8 Bigger in Size and large storage space etc.

# Relationship between Hardware and software.

→Mutually dependent.
→Both of them must work together to make Computer Produce a useful output..
→Software Cannot be utilized with out supporting hardware. → Software acts as an interface between the user and the hardware…
→ Software allows users to inter act with hardware.
→ Hardware directs the performance of Software…
→If hardware is the “Heart” of computer system then, Software is its “Soul.” Both are interrelated to each other..

2.Input and output

a. Input: The meaning of input is to provide or give Some thing to the Computer. In other words it, is the Process of receiving a command or signal from outer Sources by a computer.

b.output – Any information that is processed by and Sont out from Computer is called output.

3.Input and output device

a. Input device: A device through which we give instrucations.or data into the computer is known as input device. for ex. keyboard, mouse, Scanner do

b. output device. It is the part of Computer hardware equipments which converts informations to human readable form, for ex:- moniter printer, speaker etc.

# Basic Components of Computer

a. CPU (Central Processing unit )
b. Moniter
c. Mouse
d. keyboard

a.CPU (Central processing unit)
→CPU refers to Central Processing unit and is considered as the brain of Computer CPU. Performs all types of data processing operations. It stores. data, intermediate results and instructions and Controls the operation of all parts of Computer.

The major functions of CPU are :-

a.Receive and store data.
b.Controls Sequence of operations.
c.Give Commands to all parts of Computer.
d.Carry out data processing and output the results etc

*main Components of CPU.

i) ALU (Arithmetic and Logical Unit) :-These Units Carryout arithmetic calculation such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
ii) control unit (u): The process. of input, output. Processing and Storage is performed under the Supervision of unit Called Control unit
iii)Memory Unit: It is used to store data and instructions.
iv)Input
v)Output

Monter → A Computer monitor is an output device that displays information in pictorial form monitors. are of two types.

i) CRT or VDU (Cathode Ray Tube or visual Display Unit)
ii) LED or LCD (Light Emitting Diode or Liquid crystal Display)

Mouse
→A Mouse is a small input device used to point and to Select items on our computer screen. A mouse usually has two buttons, a primary button (left button) and Secondary button (right button) and also have a wheel between the two buttons. which allows us to scroll.

Smoothly through Screens of information or instructions

Mouse are of three types:

a.Track Ball mouse
b.optical mouse
c.Wireless mouse (Bluetooth)

# About Computer’s Memory
→The storing capacity of Memory is expressed in bytes.

1. Bytes = 1 Character

The computer memory is divided into two types:

1.Primary Memory
→The memory inbuilt in Computer is known as primary memory. It is divided into two types

a.RAM (Random Acess Memory)
→RAM is a type of data storage used in Computers that is generally located on Mother board. This type of memory is volatile (temporary) and all the information that was stored on RAM is lost when computer is turned off for ex. Cache Memory (that is called Cpu Memory)

b. ROM [Read only Memory)
→ROM is a type of Storage medium that permanently stores. data on Personal Computer. It is known as Permanent memory of computer.

2) Secondary memory
→Secondary memory is called auxiliary such memory. It refers to removable storage media such asi Pendrive, CD, DVD, USBC universal Serial Bus) etc.

Numbering system
→ When we type Some letters or words in the Computer, it translates them in number as Computers Can understand only numbers. The number system is simply a system to represent or express numbers.

There are four type of Numbering system
1. Binary Number System.
2 Decimal Number System
3 Octal Number System
4 Hexa Decimal Number System

1. Binary Number System : This system is also known as
base ‘2’ number system that uses only two numerals ‘0’ and ‘1’. It is represented by subscript ‘2’ or ‘B’. for ex. (1077001077)2 (010110011)2 (010111)B etc..

2. Decimal Number System In this Number system 10 (Ten) digits are used that are (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ,9) It can be represented by subscript ’10’ or ‘D’: for ex (90156)10 (2097)D etc.

3. octal Number System :. In this system “Eight” (8) digits are used. These are (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) It is represented by subscript ‘8’ or ‘o’ for ex. (017 6 5 )8 (1,5,652)O etc.

4.Hexadecimal Numbering system: In this system 10 digits and 6 letters are used that is (0,1,2,3. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F) It is represented by subscript (base) “16” or H’. for. ex. (A59)16 (015F)H etc.

1.Binary Number System :- 0 1 10 11 100 101 111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
2.Decimal Number System :- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15.
3.Octal Number System :- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4.Hexadecimal Number System. :- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

Note:

a.Binary to Decimal
= multiplication by 2
b. Decimal to Binary
= Division by 2
c. Octal to Decimal
= multiplication by 8.
d. Decimal to octal
= Division by 8
e. Hexadecimal to Decimal
= multiplication by 16.
f. Decimal to Hexadecimal
= Division by 16

1.Write down a steps for starting a Computer.

→ The Step for starting a Computer are mentioned below:

a.Plug in moniter and Cpu wire to socket…
b. Then switch on the Socket in which you pluged the CPU and moniter wire.
c.press the ON button on CPU.
d.Then, wait for few seconds.
e.Enter passwords and username it computer ask for it. f.Press enter button.
g.Finally, you will directly enter into the desktop (windows)

#Booting Process

→ When We start our Computer, there is an operation Which is performed automatically by the Computer is know as booting process. In the booting process, system will check all the hardware’s and software’s those are installed or attached with system. In other words, it is the process of starting a Computer.

Booting steps

•Switching on Power supply
•Loading operating system into Computer’s main memory •keeping all Computer’s parts (i.e hardware and Software) in a state of readiness.

#Booting types:
There are basically two types of booting.
a Cold Booting: It is the process of turning on a Computer after it had been powered off Completely.
b warm Booting: – The process of restarting Computer without turning off the power is called with warm Booking.
1. Desktop:- The desktop is the main working space on your computer screen. The first screen, opperating after Starting a Computer is known as desktop.
2. Willdows: windows is a desktop operating system developed by microsoft.For the past three decades windows has been the most populer operating system for personal Computer.
3. Operating system:- An operating system is the primary software that manages all the hardware and other software on Computer. It allows user to communicate with a computer Parts (hardware and software) and permit users to create any things and control input, output device. for e.x. windows XP, Windows 95, Dos etc.

#Some major elements of windows desktop.
→ These elements are described below. a.Comuter:It is an ampitant element of windows helps to see the disk drives and other hardware connected to your computer. b.Icons:Desktop icons are these icons which remain on desktop.
c. User’s Document: It displays the list of files which are recently created or opened.

4.Recycle Bin:It is the place where all the deleted items gets stored. We can also restore the deleted files or folders from recycle bin. But once you deleted any times from recycle bin that will be permanently deleted.

5.Task Bar: It is the honizontal line located at the bottom of the desktop with start buttom.

6.programs: It displays the list of programs and program groups, that can directly used.

7.Start Button. It is used to start 99% of the programs based on the windows.

8:Control Panel: It displays the list of system component which helps to you change the Configuration as you required.

9. Pind /search: It helps to search files and folders with its location.

10.Shut Down: It enables you to shutdown or turn off your computer.

Data and data Processing
# Data:Computer data is defined as an information stored by a computer.This May be in a from of text document, image, software programs or other types of data. In other words, data is defined as facts, information used by a Computer.

# Data Processing: It is defined as the conversion of raw data to machine readable form.

# File and folder
a.File: A Computer file is computer resources for recording data in a computer. A file is made to store variety of data on the computer.

b. folder: A folder is Storage space or container where many files can be placed into groups.

1.How to create folder on desktop?
→ Steps
•Right click on free space of desktop.
•There will be a menu appears.
• Left Click on “New”option.
•Then, left click on`new folder´.
•Finally, a new folder appears on a desktop. •Lastly give the name to that folder.

2.How to copy files and folders?
→Steps

•firstly, right click on folder that you want to copy. •Then left click on copy option.
•Choose lotion and click right button of mouse. •There will be a menu appears.
•Finally left click on paste options.

3. How to Search files and folders ?
→Steps
•firstly click on start button.
•Then types that file folder or program name that you want to search.
•Then you will directly enter into that program.

4.How to rename any file or folder ?
→Steps
•Firstly right click on the required folder or file.
•There will be menu appears.
•Then left click on rename option.
•Type a new name to that file or folder.
•Finally press enter key from keyboard on.
or
•Firstly left click on the required folder or file. •Press F₂ from keyboard.

5.How to detete file or folder?
→Steps
•select and right click on file or folder.
•lett click on delete option.
•There a dialog box of ‘delete file’ will appear.
•If you confirm to delete this file or folder then click on ‘yes’ other wise click on ‘No’ option.

Online Class

1.How to modify the desktop?
→Steps
a) Firstly, right click on free space, of desktop
b) There a menu is opened..
c) Left click on Personalize.
(d) Then, we will saw the display properties.
(e) Lastly, click on required theme and choose screen saver.

2.How to start the application ?

→Steps

a)click on start button
b) Click on All program.
c)choose the program that you want and click on it.
Or
a) click on Start button.
b) Type a program name on Search box.
c) press enter from keyboard.
Or
a) Click shortcut, (windows) +R from keyboard
b) Type program name and press enter.

1. How to restore deleted folder and file from recycle bin?
→ Steps

a.open recycle bin.
b. Choose file or folder that you want to restore.
c.Lastly, click on restore option.

2. How to change date and time?
→Steps
a. Click on start button.
b. Then click on Control Panel.
c. Click on date and time option.
d. Set the date and time and click on apply option.
e. And Click on ok button.

3. How to open calculator?
→Steps

a. click on start button.
b. Click on all program.
c.Then, click on accessories.
d.Lastly click on calculator.

On Screen keyboard
→Windows offers an on-screen keyboard that lets you type even if you don’t have access to physical keyboard.

# To activate on screenkeyboard, we have to do
•first of all click on start button.
•Click on All program.
•Click on Accessories
•click on Ease of Access.
• Lastly click on ‘on screen keyboard!’

Magnifier
→ A Screen magnifier is a software application that increases the size of text and graphics on your computer Screen. A screen magnifier is like having a magnifying glass over your computer screen. It enlargs every things around your cursor for easy reading.

To activate on magnifier we have to do

•Firstly, click on Start Button
•Then, click on All program.
•Again click on Accessories..
• Then click on ‘Pase of Access”:.
•Lastly click on magnifier.

Character Map (char Map)
→ The character map, utility is free on all windows machine and can be used to copy and paste accented letters and other foreign language into Character into any windows application. The Charater is similar to the insert symbol map tool found in some windows application such as microsoft Word.

To Open Character map, we have to do:
•Click on start button.
•Click on All Program.
•Click on Accessories.
•Click on system tool.
•Finally click on charater map

What is shut down ? How to shut down the Computer?
→ Shut down
→ It closes all programms, shut down windows and then turns off your computer. process for shut down down a Computer before shut down the computer, you have to close alt opened program.

Method – i
•click on start button.
•There we will see shut down option on the right side of menu.
•click on that shut down option.

Method-ii
• Directly press Alt + F” short cut key from keyboard

Prease ok on the dialog box of shut down.

→ If We bring a on arrow near to the shut down option, following options are observed, these are:

a switch users
→ It Switch users with out closing programs.
b Log off
→Close programs and log off.
c Lock
→ To lock the competer.
d. Restart
→ Closes all open programs, shut down the windows and then starts windows agin.
e Sleep
→ keeps your Session in memory and puts the computer in low power state so that you can quickly resume working.

f Hibernate
→ save your Session and turns off the computer When you turn on the computer, windows restore your session.

Nepali typing preeti font preeti font
व्यञ्जन वर्ण (क-ज्ञ सम्म)
क -s ख – v ग – u घ – 3 ङ – Alt + 0171
च – r छ – 5 ज – h झ – em ञ – ~ (wave key )
ट – 6 ठ – 7 ड – 8 ढ – 9 ण – 0f(zero f)
त – t थ – y द – b ध – w न – g
प – k फ – km ब – a भ – e म – d
य – o र – ? ल – n व – j श – z ष – if
स – ; ह – x क्ष – shift +If त्र – q ज्ञ – 1

Note : आधा अक्षर चाहिएको बेलामा Shift थिचि राख्ने र जुन वर्णको आधा चाहिएको छ त्यही थिच्ने
जस्तै :- ख्याल → Shift + v + of + n
लक्ष्य → n + Shift + i + o

1.shortcuts of desktop
a.F5 → Refresh
b. Alt+F4→ shut down (restart stand by
c.Cursor key → Right side button of mouse
d. windows key + d → minimize
e. Alt + Tab → maximize
f.Ctrl+C → Copy
g. Ctrl+ V → Paste

2.File Extensions on A Computer
→ A file extensions or file name extension is the ending of file that helps to identify the type of file in operating system. It indicates the file format or file type. It is started with(•) dot symbol and then file name.

Here the list of Computer file extension.
Extensions. → Details

* • doc → Ms Words files

1. * • xls → Ms Excel’s files
2. * • ppt → Ms Power Point
3. * • bmp → Paint’s Files
4. * • jpg → Picture’s file only
5. * • dat → Video only
6. * • mp3 → music only
7. * • rtf → word pad’s files
8. * • txt → note pad’s files
9. * • exe → set up file

word pad :- It is a basic text editing app.

Note Pad :- It is a simple text editor which enables Computer users to create documents.

Set up file :- Ready to be used files.

Ms Word 2007

→microsoft word is an application Software developed by microsoft Inc. It is word processing software. It was inltially launched in 1983 and has Since been revised numerous times.
→ micro soft word is often called simply word or Ms word we can createdit, print, and share professional looking documents such as applications. forms, templates, business cards, letters, Paper, reports and booklets by using microsoft word.

• How to Open Ms-word ?
→Steps Method-1 i
i click on Start button.
ii Type word into search box.
iii Click ‘microsoft word 2007’ in the list that appears.

→Steps method-2 ii
i.Click on Start button.
ii.Then click on programs.
iii.Click on microsoft office folder and then select ‘Microsoft Word 2007’.

→Steps method-3 iii
i) press the windows key and ‘R’ on the keyboard to bring up the Run box.

ii) Type winword and press enter key.

Components of Ms-word

a. Title Bar
→The title bar is on the top of the window when you open a microsoft word application. The title bar Contains opened application name (Microsoft word in this case), by default file hame (document-1) in the Center, Control buttons Till (close, Maximize, minimize) on the right side, and quick access tools (word logo, save, undo, redo function) on left side.

b. Menu Bar
→The menu bar contains all the menus as file, Home and Insert, Page Layout etc. These menus and functions are tools that are used to Create all kinds of professional – looking documents in Microsoft word.

c.Standard Formatting Bar (sub menu)
→These are the category of functions and features dived under . menus according to their use. such as under Home menu, you can find Clip Board, font, paragraph etc. these are subcategories of the main menu Bar.

d.Ruler Bard
→ Ruler Bar is most important to under Stand. It is used to align the document. you can set maogin and paragraph spaces by using it. There are two ruler bars in microsoft word. one is on the top of the white page (typing area) and the Second is on the left side.

e.Scrolling Bar
→ scroll bar is used to Scrolli the page up/ down and right/left when Page Zoom is high or low. There are two scrolling bars. One is the horizontal bar and the Second one is the vertical Scrolling bar.

f. Status Bar
→ The status bar show cases page number, total words, selected word etc. Its main work is to display the status of the page And on the right side of the status bar, there are paye views, zooming options.

g. Document screen
→ It is the written area where the text numbers, symbols and graphics were appear.

GUI = Graphical user interface

→ It is a type of user interface through which users interact with electronic devices Uia visual indicator reprentations.

Mouse Pointer
→ Mouse Pointer is also known as mouse arrow or a mouse cursor and is a graphical image used to activate or control certain elements in graphical user interface.

Cursor
→ It is a thin blinking vertical line. It indicate where the text will appear when you are typing on Ms-word.

The options or Package under MS-offics are mentioned below :-

Application Name Extension Name Executive Name

1. Ms-word •doc winword
2. Ms-Powerpoint •ppt PowerPoint
3. Ms-Excel •xls Excel
4. Ms-Access •accdb Ms access
5. Ms-Publishes •pub Ms Pub

Note: Microsoft publisher is a desktop publishing
application. In contrast to microsoft woord, where the
focus is on text composition and proofing, microsoft
publisher is focused on the design and layout of Pages.

Main features of Ms word
1. It create any kind/ type of document in easy way. 2.It can edit and format the existing document. 3. It make a text document interactive with different features and tools.
4. used by Authors and Researchers.
5 Delete grammatical errors in a text document.

Office Button
→ The office button is found in the top. left comes of Word, Excel and other office 2007 program. When the office button is clicked, may of the options you’d see in the file menu, such as new open, save, Print, etc. can be found.

Some Commonly used options found in the office button menu are listed below.

a. New (Ctrl+ N) → It helps us to add a new blank file or document in our active document.
Steps
i)ii)Click on office Button.ii)Click on New option.
iii)Then, new blank document dialog box will appeas.
iv)v)click on blank document.
v) finally click on Create button.

b: b.open (ctrl+o):-
→ It helps us to open saved for existing file on the computer.
Steps
i) Click on office button.
ii)Click on Open button
iii.Then open dialog box will appear.
iv)In this dialog box choose your file or type your file name in file name line box
v.Finally Click on open button.

Save (Ctrl + s)
→It helps us to save our file for future use.
Steps
i make your document.
ii.Click firstly on office button and then to save option.
iii.Then, Save dialog box will appear.
iv. In this box, type your file name in the file name line box.
v. Finally Click on save button

•.Save option helps to update the lastly presented file with the latest content.

d. Save as (F12)
→ It helps to store a new file to store an existing file to a new location with the same name or a different name.

e Print (Ctrl+p)
→ This option helps us to print our document on paper.
Steps
i.click on office button.
ii.click on print option or press Ctrl+p from keyboard.
iii. Then print dialog box will appear.
iv.In this dialog box, set printer name, name of coples number of pages etc.
v). Finally Click on ok button.

Some Pasts of print diang box.
i. All
→ This option helps us to print our whole document
ii. Current Page
→This option helps to print our ative page.

iii.Pages
→ This option allows us to print our document as our wish.

iv Number of Copies
→This option helps us to print our document in numbers of copies or duplicate Pages.

iv) Name
→ This option helps us to set the printer name.

v) undo (ctrl+z)
→ This option is used to remove our last action for this click undo option from quick Access Toolbas or press ctrl+Z

vi) Redo (ctrl +Y)
→ This option helps us to repeat our last actions. For this, click on redo, option from quick access toobas of press ctrl+y from keyboard.

About scanner
:- A Scanner is a digital device. that converts flims, documents and photographic prints to digital image. It scans documents, which can be sent to a computer.

About Printer
→ A Printer is an external hardware output device that takes the electronic data and Stored on a computer or other device and generate a hard Copy of it.

• There are two types of Printer

a.Impact printer (Dof matrix printer)
→It form images and characters by striking a mechanism such as print hammer or wheel against an inked ribbon, leaving an image on paper.

b. Non-impact printers
→It forms charactess and images without direct Physical contact between the printing mechanism and the paper.

How to save your file with password?
:-Steps
i) Make your document.
ii) Click on office button.
iii)Click on save option.
iv)Then save as dialog box will appears.
v)Type file name and choose your location where you want to save.
vi) Click on tools button in the dialog box.
vii) click on general option then general option dialog box will appear.
Viii) Type your password in the “password to open” line box.
ix) Type your modified password in “Password to modify” box.
x) click on ok button.
xi) Type your first same password and click on ok button.
xii) Type your second same password and click on ok button.
xiii) Finally click on save button.

h. Close (Ctrl+w)
→This option helps us to close the current file.

Microsoft office word

“Home Tab”

1. Home Tab
→ Before keep formatting any words and object firstly we have to select them.

a. Cut (Ctrl+x)
→It is used to cut or remove selected text and objects of our document.

→Steps
i)firstly select the text which you want to cut in your document.
ii) Click on Home Tab.
iii) Click on cut option or press ctrl+x from keyboard.

b. Copy (ctrl+C)
→This option is used to copy Selected text or object.

Steps
i)Type your text.
ii)Select text or object which you want to copy.
iii) click on Home Tab.
iv) Click on copy option or press ctrl+c from keyboard.

C. Paste (ctrl+v)
→ This option is used to pasted cut and copied text to anbothers place in computer.

→Steps
i) Tap your text.
ii)Select the text before you cut or copy that text.
iii)positionl place your cursor where you want paste.
iv)click on home tab.
v)Finally Click on paste option or press ctrl+v keyboard.

2. Formal painter
→ It helps us to copy formatting from one place and apply it to another place.

a.Font(ctrl + shift + F)
→This option is used to change font language style.
Steps
i)click on home tab.
ii)click on font size option.
iii)Then many fonts will appear.
iv)Finally click on required font.

b. Font size
→This option helps used to change font size.
Steps
i)Click on home tab.
ii)Click on font size option.
iii)Then font size list will appear.
iv)Finally click on required font size.

C. Grow font (Ctrl+shift+>)
→This option is used to increause font size.

d.Clear Formatting
→ This option erase or Clears all the selection leaving only the plain text.

e. Shrink Font size (Ctrl + Shift + <)
→This option is used to decrease font size.

f. Bold (ctrl+b)
→ This option helps us to format the text in bold format.

Steps
i)click on Home tab.
ii) Select the text which you want to make bold.
iii)click on bold option or press ctrl+b from keyboard.

g.Italic (Ctrl + I)
→This option helps us to apply the text instalic format.
Steps
i)Click on Home tab.
ii)Select your text which you want to make Italic formal.
iii)Click on Italic or press Ctrit+I from keyboard.

h.underline (ctri+u)
→ this option thelps us to apply underline on your words.
steps
i)Click on Home tab.
ii)click under line option or press ctrl+u from keyboard.

i.strike through
→This option use for draw a line middle of the selected text.
Steps
i) click on Home tab.
ii)Select the text which you want to write in Strike through format.
iii) Finally click on Strike through format.

j) subsript (ctrl + =) X ₂
→ It creates small letters below the base line of text.
Steps
i) select the text or number that you want to make Subscript.
ii) click on Home Tab.
ii)i click on Subscript option.

k.super script (ctrl+shift + =) X²
→ It Creates Small Letters above the line of text. ex.a²+ 2ab+b²

Steps
i)select the text or number that you want to make Superscript.
ii)Click on Home tab.
Iii)click on super script option.

l.change Case
→ It helps to change selected text to
• UPPERCASE
• lower case
•sentence Case.
•Capitalize Each word
• To GGLE CASE

m.Text Highlight Colour
→It makes a text look like it. was marked with highlighter pen.

n.Font colour
→ It changes the text colour.
Step
i) Firstly, Select the text.
ii) Click on Home Tab.
iii)Click on font colour Option.

#Table formula.
a.To find Maximum value
press Ctrl+F9 for { }
{= max (A1:A10) press F9}

b. To count the number of data
press Ctrl+F9 for { }
{ =Count (C5:C10) press F9}

Ctrl+ = X₂
Ctrl + Shift + = X²

c. Subtraction of date
• press ctrl +F9 for Carly bracket { }
{ = (b2-b3) press ‘F9’ }

d. multiplication of data
press Ctrl + F9 for curly bracket, { }

method – 1 → {= (C1*C2) Press F9 }
method – 2 → { =product (C1: C5) press F9 }

e Division
press Ctrl + F9 for curly bracket, { }
{= (D1/D4) press F9 }

f. To find minimum values of Column..
• Press Ctrl+ F9 for Curly bracket, { }
{ = min (E1:E6 ) press F9 }

g.Ctrl+F9
→To insert curly bracket into the table,

h. To find the sum press
Ctrl + F9 for Curly bracket { }
{ = sum (A2 : A6) press F9 }

3. Paragraph
a.Bullets
-It is used to choose different bulleted.
styles. for ex.
•__ *__ →__
•__ *__ →__
•__ *__ →__

b. Numbering
– It is used to choose different numbering formats to a paragraph. for ex.
1.__ a.__ i.__
2.__ b.__ ii.__
3.__ c.__ iii.__

C. multilevel lists
– It is used to enter different multilevel list styles.
for ex. 1.__ A.__ 1.__
a.__ a.__ 1.1.__
i.__ 1.__ 1.1.1.__

Steps
i.Click on home tab
ii.Click on your Bullets, Numbering or multilevel list as your
requirement.

d Increase Indent → (-)
– This option is used to increase the indent level of paragraph.

e.Decrease Indent → (+)
– This option is used to decrease the indent level of paragraph.

f: Sort A to Z ↑↓
– This option alphabetise the selected text or Sort numerical data

g Show / Hide
– This option shows paragraph marks and other hidden formatting Symbols.

h.Text Alignments (Left, Center. Right, Justify )
→ These options helps to align your Selected Paragraph or word on left, Center, Right and justify.

h. Align Text

i) Line Spacing
This option changes the spacing between the lines of text..

j) shading
This option Colour the background behind the selected text or paragraph..

k) Botton Border
This option helps to insert borders on Selected text. From this option we can make Page border, box borders etc.

4.styles

a.styles
This option is used to change set of styles of selected text into Normal text, Heding – 1, Heding-2, Heading-3 etc…

b. changes styles
By using this option we can change the set of styles colours and fonts used in this document.

.

5.Editing
a.Find
This option is used to find text in our document.

Steps
i.Complete your document.
ii click on Home Tab.
iii.Click on find option or click etrl+f from keyboard.
iv.Type the word that you want to find over your document in find what box.
v.Finally click on find option..

b.Replace (ctrl+h)
“It is used to replace the text in
document.

select – This option is used to select text and object of the document.
Steps
i.make your docament
Ii.Click on Home Tab.
iii.click on Replace option.
iv) Then, type that word. that you want to replace.
in find what box.
v. Then type a new word on Replace with box.
vi. Finally click on Replace all button.

c.Select
This option is used to select text and object of the document.

2. Insert menu
In the Insext menu, there are seven groups.
which are :-
a.Pages
b. Tables Es
c. illustrations
d.l Links
e Header and footer
f. Text
g symbols

i) page

a. Cover Page
→This option helps us to take a ready made Cover Pages

Steps:
i.place the cursor where you want to create cover page.
ii.Click on Insert Menu.
iii.Then, choose Cover Pages as you needed.

b Blank page
→ It is used to take a new blank page on the Cursor place of your document.
i) place the cursor where you want to create new blank page.
ii) Click page on Insert Menu.
iii) Click on Blank page option.
iv) finally we have blank page on our document.

c.Page Break
If we create Page break from the Cursor Position then one page divides into two pages.
Steps:

i. make your document.
ii.place the cursor where you want to create page break.
iii.click on Insert Tab.
iv. Finally Click on page break option.

ii.Tables

a.Tables
→It is used to create table on our document.
Steps
i) make your document.
ii) place the cursor where you want to make a table
iii) Click on Insert Menu.
iv) Finally click on Table option.

formatting of tables
→ we found two tab that is design and Layout on Command tab area after creating table on Our document.

Design
→ you can draw table, modify table border and fill shading colour using design Tab.

Layout
→ you can change table layout, add row and column above, below, right or left merge and spfit cell’s delete row, column or whole tables change text direction and table to use basic formula by using Layout Tab.

iii.illustrations

a. picture
– This option is used to insert any image on our document from computer drive.
Steps
• click on Insert Menu.
• click on picture option.
•Then Insert picture dialog box will appear.
•Choose picture as your need.
•Finally Click on insert button.

After using any picture, a new tab that is format is added on ribbon of menus which helps to modify inserted image These are:-
A: Brightness
→ It is used to increase and decrease image brightness.

B. Contrast
→ It is used to increase and decrease image contrast.

C change Picture
→ This option helps us to replace old image with new one.

d.Reset picture
→this option helps us to delete all format of image

e.Picture Style :- This option helps us to change image style.

F. picture shape
– This option helps us to change image shape.

G. Picture Border
– This option helps us to give border to image.

H.Position
→This option helps us to place an image wherever you want overs the page.

i.picture Effect
→ This option helps us to give effect to an image.

J.Bring to fount
→ This option is used to bring the selected image in fount of all other image.

k.Send to Back
→This option is used to send the Selected image behind all other image.

I.text wrapping
→ This option is used to wrap the selected image or object in our document.

M.Align
→It is used to align our picture into top, buttom, left, right, middle etc.

N.Rotate
→ it isused to rotate of flip selected image.

O.crop
→It is used to crop the picture to remove other unwonted part.

b.clip art
→ This option helps us to insert. any clip art from our system library.
steps:
i) click on Insert Tab.
ii)Then, click on Clip Art option.
ii) Then, its dialog box will appear.
iv) From this box, choose the picture.
v) Then choosed picture will inserted on your document.

C. Shape
→ This option helps us to insert any shape from system library.
Steps.
i) click on insert Tab.
ii)Click on Shapes option.
iii)Then shape tool will appear.
iv) Choose any shape
v) Press left button of mouse to make selected shape

d. Smart Art
→This option is used to insert ready made shapes from system library.
Steps:
i) Click on Insert Tab
ii) Click on smart Art option.
iii)Then Smart Art dialog box will appear.
iv)Choose any art from this box.
v)Finally, click on ok button and fill your data.

e. chart
→This option helps to insert any type of Chart as your need. Steps:
a) Click on Insert tab.
ii) Then, click on Chart option there we will see many Kinds of Chart styles.
iii.Then data sheet box will appear.
iv.In this data sheet type your data.
v.Finally minimize this data sheet to completely show the chart.
iv Links

a. Hyperlink (ctrl+k)
→ It is used to create link between two documents, pictures, files and folders, audio video etc.
Steps
i) Firstly, type some text and select it to make a link
ii)Click on Insert tab and then click on Hyperlink.
iii)Then, insert ‘hyperlink dialog box will appear.
iv.Choose a file that you want to create hyperlink.
v.Finally click on ok button.

To remove Hyperlink
i)Click on Hyperlink Text.
ii)Then click on Hyperlink option…
iii) Finally, click on remove Hyperlink option.

b. Bookmark
→This option creates a mark in a document or also called link that directly reach us into the marked text, or word.
Steps:
i) make your document.
ii) place the cursor at which you want to create bookmark. iii)click on Insert menu and then click on Bookmark option.
iv)Type a name to that Bookmark.
v)finaly Click on Add option.

c.cross Reference
→It creates a link to any specific contents like, Heading, Book, mark, Equation table, Figures etc..
Steps:
•place the cursor where you want to create link.
• click on Insert menu and then click on Reference option
•Select the type of reference from the list.
•Finally click on Insert button.

v)Header and Footer
a.Header
→This Command helps to add the text in our document that appears at the top of every page.
Steps
•Type your document.
•click on Insert tab and Click Header.
•Choose Header typc from list.
• lastly type your header data…

b. Footer
– This Command helps to add the text in our document that appears at the bottom of every pages.

i. make your documents.
ii.Click on Insert menu and then click footer.
iii.Choose footer type from list.
iv.Lastly type footer data.

c.Page number
– This option is used to add the Page number in our document.
Steps:
i) make your document.
ii)Click on Insert menu and then click Page number.
iii)Finally choose the page number type from list.

vi Text
a.Text box:- This option helps us to create text box.
Steps:
•Click on insert menu.
•Click on Text Box option..
•Now, drag your mouse to draw a text box.
• Finally type word that you want inside text box.

b quick Parts: This option helps us to save full form of certain short cust use full to insert Preformatted text into the document

C. Word Art
→It is used to insert decorative text in your document… Steps
• Click on Insert Menu.
• Click on word Art option.
•Choose any design from list.
•Finally type your word and click on ok button.

d. Drop Cap
→It is used to createa large Captial letter at the beginning
of a paragraph.
steps:
•click on Insert menu.
• Click on Drop Cap option.
•Choose any one drop Cap style.

e. Signature line
→This option is used to insert a digital signature line into your document.

F. Date and Times
– This option is used to insert a digital signature line into your document.

g.obiect
→This option is used to insert object from another application and using this option we can also create equation.
Steps
• click on Insert Tab.
•click on object option..
•In this dialog box choose any application as your need. such as chart list, Microsoft Equation 3.0
•Type your data inside the chart or Equation.
• Click out side of page from the chart or equation.

vii) Symbol

a.Equations
-It is used to create any type of Equation.

b. Symbol
-This option is used to insert Symbol at Insertion point.
Steps
•Place your Cursor where you want to insert Symbol.
• Click on Insert tab and then Click on symbol.
•click on more symbol option.
•Then, Symbol dialog box will appear.
•choose any one symbol from.
• lastly Click on Insert option.
To create shortcut key for symbol
→If you want to create shortcut key for the selected symbol then,
•Click that symbol that you used the most in your document.
•Then click on shortcut keys option..
• Then Customize keyboard dialog box will appear.
•In this dialog box, press any short cut key like Ctrl+1
•Click on assign button.
•Click on Close button.
•Again click on Close button.

4. Styles
a Style
→ This option is used to change set of styles of selected text into Heading -1, Heading -2, Heading-3 etc.

b. change style
→ Change the set of styles, colours and fonts used in this document.

5. Editing

a find Ctrl+F)
→This option is used to find text in a document.

Replace (Ctrl+ H)
→ This option is used to replace the Find text in your document.

C. Select
→This option is used to select text (All document) Object of the document.

3.Page Layout Tab
→ In Page layout Tab, there are five groups which are listed as :-
a. Themes
b. page setup
C. page Background
d. paragraph
e. Arrange

a. Themes
i) Themes, Colour font Effect :- A theme is a set of design elements, font styles, colours which helps you to Create well-designed documents in MS-Word ·
Steps:
•click on page Layout Menu then click on Theme option. •From themes dialog box choose anyone theme style.

b. Page Setup.
i) Margin :-This option is used to Choose the space type around your document called margin option.
Steps:

•Clickon page layout and then click on margin option.
•Then Choose any margin style from list.

ii.orientation – This option is used to change your page type that is landscape or portration option.

•Click on option page layout tab and then click orientation option.
•Then choose one orientation Style.

iii.Size:
– This option helps to set page size.
steps:
•click on page layout and click on size option.
•Then, choose any size from list. like A4, A3, Normal, Legal etc.

iv) Columns:
– This option changes our normal text into columns.
Steps
•Click on page layout and then click on Column option.
•Choose Columns Style or set column number as your wish

v. Break
– By using this option we can insert Page break column break Section break into our document.
steps:

• make your document.
•Place your cursor where you want to create page Section break.
•click on page Layout Tab.
•Lastly click on Break option and use page break section break from list.

vi) Line Number
→It is used to insert line number to your document.

vii) Hyphenation
→It create hyphenation into our words.

C. Page Background
i.Water Mark
→This option is used to set text, logo or a picture Mark on Background of page called watermark.
Sheps
• click on page layout then Click watermark option.
• choose water mark style from list.
•If you want to create your own watermark then go inside Custom watermark option.

iii)Page Colour
→This option is used to Choose page Colour.
Steps
• click on page layout and click on page Colour option.
•Then Choose any colour for your page.

iii Page Borders
→ this option is used to insert page border
Steps:
•click on page layout and click on Page Border option.
•Then page border dialog box will open.
•choose Borders and Art style to your document.

d.paragraph
i) Indent (left and Right)
– It is used to increase or decrease indentation of paragraph along left or right.
Steps
•click on page layout and Click on Indent option…
•Then you can increase or decrease indent level as your wish.
ii. Spaing
– This option is use to add space before or after your paragraph.
Steps:
• click on page layout and then click on spacing.
•If you want to add space after other wise you may click on below paragraph option.

4 Reference Tab
→ In Reference Tab, there are Six groups which are listed as
a. Table of Contents
b. footnotes
c. citation and Bibliography
d. captions
e. Index
f mark Citation

a. Table of Contents
→ From this group, you can add table of Contents in your document text and update the table of Content from date update table.

b. footnotes
→ from this group, you can use endnote and footnotes to your document.

footnotes are the note that you make on certain words or
text, which appears at the bottom of any page.

Endnote also refers to note on some text or word that specially appears at the end of your document.

C. Citations and Bibliography
This group helps to insert citation to make bibliography on the document.

d. Captions.
→ This group helps to insert captions that is table, figures image equations. Also helps to built tables of figures and open them by clicking links over them.

e Index
→ In this group, we can mark the selected text and table to create index of currently Marked text.
f.Mark Citation
→This group helps to create table of authorities or table of bibliography with page number.

5. Mailing Tab
a.Envelops:- It is used to create envelops.
steps:

i.Click on Mailing tab.
ii Click on Envelop option.
iii.Then, Envelop and label dialog box will appear.
iv.Finally fill the delivery address and Return address to – Create envelop.

(6.)Start mail merge
– This option helps to create many letters from one letter so that we can send our letter. to many persons.
Steps
i) click on mailing tab.
ii) Click on mailing tab.
iii)Choose “Start mail merge’ then click on ‘step by
Step mail merge wizard option.
iv) Choose letters option on task pane.
v) Click on next option.
vi Choose “Use the current document” option and Click on next.
Vii) Choose on type New list’ option.
Viii) Click on create or next option.
ix) Then ‘New address’ list dialog box will appear.
x.) click on customize Columns and remove all fields name.
xi) Click on “Add” option then type your own fields such as Name Address, Phone No. College Name etc. as your wish and click on ok button.
Xii Now, Start to type your friends Name, Address. Phone No etc to all your friend of your need.
Xiii Click on close and then save dialog box will appear.
Xiv) Type your file name and click on save option. .
xv) Click on ok button.
Xvi) Then, mail merge tods bar will appear.
Xvii) Click on Insert merge fields button and insert all
fields name in particular area.
Xviii)click on finish and merge option
Xix) cliick on All option.
Xx) Finally click on ok option.

6.Review Tab (a) proofing
i) spelling and Grammer
→This option displays the set spelling and Grammer dialog box, this allows you to check the spelling and Grammer in the active document.

ii) word Count
→ It is used to find out the number of do words, characters paragraphs and lines in the document.

iii protect Document
→ This command allows us to protect our document so that we can not able to add text, formating, cut, delecte etc. to our documents without giving the Same password.

Steps
•make your document.
•click on Review tab and then click on protect document option.
•Then, click on Rest rict Editing and formatting option.
•click on Limit formatting to a selection of styles option.
• click on Allow only this type of editing in the document option
•Again click on ‘yes’ start enforcing option.
•Then, type password in the same password.
• click on ok to save the password.

→ To Delete the password.
a)click on review tab and then click on protect document.

→ Then, Click on “Stop protection option and type the same password.

1. View Tab

A. Views
i)print layout
– In displays the document at it would appear if printed and if is the default view.
ii) web layout
– It displays the document as it would appear as web page.

B. show
i.Ruler
This option is used to show/hide ruler.

ii. zoom
It is used to control how current Files appearse on the screen. It helps us to make our file large or small as our need.

C. Macros
→ This option is used to record any thing on Microsoft office word. this option contains the Commands like view macros, Record macros and pause Recording.

Microsoft Exce

1. Amount Bill

Formula

1. Amount :- =quantity*rate
2. Total :- =sum(select all amounts)
3. Discount :- =total*discount % /100
4. Gross total :- =(total-discount)
5. VAT (value added tax) :- =(gross total*VAT%)/100
6. Net total :- Gross total + VAT

Ms-Excel

1. Columns : 16,384
2. Rows : 1,048,576
3. Cell : 17179869184

Microsoft office Excel

1. Microsoft Excel – Microsoft office excel is one of the top powerful spreadsheets package which is also Called electronic sheet. This program we can create Bill Sheet, salary sheet. Electricity Bill etc. This program Plays vital Role in solving our mathematical problems

2 How to Open Microsoft Excel ?

→ Method – 1, from Run Command
a.press short cut key windows + R to open Run.
b.Then run dialog box will appear.
c. In this dialog box, type Excel..
d.Finally, click on ok option.

→Method-2, from Start Button.
a. Firstly click on start.
b. Choose program or click on ‘All program’option.
C. Then, click on Microsoft office.
d. Lastly click on Microsoft Excel 2007 program.

3. Methematical functions used in Ms- Excel

1. – • To subtract
2. + • To add
3. * • To multiply
4. / •To divide
5. > • greater than
6. < • less than
7. >= • Greater than eaud to
8. <= • less than equal to

* Note:- Every function must be started with’=’ (is
equal to) sign.

Some Essential formula in MS- Excel

a. To calculate subtraction : = A1-B1
b. To calculate addition : = A1+B1
Calculate Division : =A1/C1
d:To Calculate multiplication : A1*C1
e. To Calculate Addition in Range : = Sum (B1: B5) or 2 Symn (Al: E1)
f. To calculate multiplication in Range: = product (B1:F1) or = Product (B1: B9)
g.To calculate maximum value = max (A1:A15)
h.To calculate Minimum value = min (B2: B15)
i.To calculate Average value : average (A1: G1)
j. To Count the total number of value inside Cell: = count (B1: B11)
k.To count the blank Cell : = COUNT BLANK (A1:A8)
l.To Show square root : = Sqrt (cell name) or sqrt (C4)
m. To show current date and time : = now ()
n.To show present date : = today ()
o.To combine two Columns date on one column : =Concatenate (A1,” space” , B1)
P. To change in UPPER CASE 15
= Upper (select cell ) or Upper (A6)
q. To change in lower case:
= lower (select cell ) or = Lower (B5)
r. To make a proper text :
= proper (select cell) or =proper (E1)
s.To find addition greater than any number:
= SUMIF (F1:F10,”>30″ , F1: F10)
t.to find addition lesser than any number
= SUMIP (E1: E9, “<30”, E1: E9)

Some Useful Cursor Movement

1. → or Tabkey : To move one cell right
2. ← or Shift +Tab : To move one cell left.
3. ↓ or Enter : To move one cell down
4. ↑ or Shift + Enter : To Move one cell up
5. Page up : To Scroll up side
6. Page down: To Scroll down side.
7. Alt + page up: To Move sereen right
8. Alt + page down: To move screen lift
9. Ctrl + Home: To jump on first cell
10. Ctrl +End : To jump on last cell.
11. Ctrl+↓↑ :jump last row / first row
12. Ctrl+→← : ± jump last / First Column of Sheet

Formula’s
Age — > = INT ((NOW()-(3/365)
(use the INT funcation when you won’t only the integer part a decimal number )
Remark – – >
= If (D3<12, “child”, IF (D3>19, “Teenge”, If (D3<35, “young”, If (D3 <45 “Adult”, “old”))))

 Important Components of Microsoft office Excel

1. Columns :- Columns are labelled with alphabetical character from left to right. The first column of active sheet is ‘A’ Second is ‘B’ and so on. for ex. A’….. Z’ AA…….Az, BA……. BZ etc. The last Columon of active Sheet is XFD. There are 16384 Columns in one sheet.
2. Rows: Rows are labelled with number from top to bottom. The first row of our active sheet is ‘1’, Second. is ‘Z’ and so on. The last row of active sheet is 1048576
3. Cells: The intersection point of row and column is Called Cell. There are 16384 * 1048576 Cells in active sheet.
4. work book (Book); Every Excel file is a work book that initially consists of the worksheet. you can Open many workbooks at a time. Work book Contains three work sheet tab as default:
5. cell Pointer (Selector): The dark outline around the active Cell denotes a selector or cell Pointer.
6. Worksheet tab (sheets): It helps to move from one worksheet to another with in a work book. you can add, remove, rename, move and copy. These sheets as your wish. For ex: Sheet 1, Sheet 2. etc.
7. Cell Address: It means the location of the cell with in the work sheet. The cell location displays in the “name box” when we clicked different cells with in the sheet…
8. Formula Bar: The formula bar displays the information entered in the current cell
9. Function: This option shows a list of function that allows you to calculate the data entered on a Sheet. Such as Addition (sum) multiple (product).. subtraction etc.

Formula

1. To calculate total Marks

= Sum (select all marks of subject)
= Sum (C2:D2)

1. To calculate Result

= If (And ( Scince >= 32, Math>=32, Nepali >=32, English>= 32, Social>=32), “Pass”, “Fail” )

1. To calculate percentage

= Total Mark (that is click cell F2) / Total number of subject or = F2/3

1. To calculate Division

= If (And (Result = “pass” , Persent >= 80), ‘Distincation”, If (And ( Result = “pass”, percent >=60)”first”, If(And ( Result = “pass”, percent >45), “second” If (And (Result = “pass”, percent >= 32), “Third” , “No division” ))))

1. Rank

= If (min (select all Marks) > = 32, RANK (percent, drag all percent valves, that select the range and press F4 from keyboard), “‘*”)

1. To calculate Grade

= If (Percent >= 90, “A+”, If (percent >=80,”A”, If (Percent> = 70, “B+”, IF (percent >= 60, “B”, If (Percent >=50, “C+”, If (percenty 40,”C”, 50, If (Percent >=30, “D+”, If (percent >=20, “D”, “E”))))))))

1. To calculate Remark

= IF (Division = “Distinction”, “Excellent” if (Division= “first” well done”, If (Division = “second”,”Very Good”, IF (Division = “Third”, “Good”, “Try Again” ))))

1. To Calculate GPA

= If (percent >= 90, ” 4.0″, If (percent >= 80, ” 3.6″, If (Percent >= 70, ” 3.2″, IF (percent >= 60,”2.8″,If (percent>=50,”2.4″,If (percent>=40,”2.0″, if (percent>=20,”1.6″,If (percent>=10,” 0.8″,” 0.0″))))))))

1. Ctrl+Page Up key → To move one worksheet left
2. Ctrl+page down → To move one worksheet right.

Formula

1. T.A. (Travelling Allowance) :- = salary * T.A. % or =B2*3%
2. D.A. Dearness Allowance) = salary *D.A. or = B2*4%
3. H.R. (House Rent): =Salary * H.R.% or = B2 * 5%.
4. Gross salary: = sum (B2:E2)
5. I.P. (Insuarance poticy) : = gross salary * I. P. % or = F2*2%
6. P.F. ( provident Fund) : = Gross salary * P.F. % or = F2*3%

 

1. Net Salary :- = Gross Salary – I.P.%. – P.F. %. or F2 – G2-H2

Conditions:

i) If Consumed unit <= 20 unit, then pay 80 rupees
(i.e. per unit 4 rupees)
ii) If consumed unit > 21 unit, the pay 7.7 rupees per unit
iii) If consumed unit >250 unit, then pag 9.9 rupees per unit

Formula
i) (consumed unit
current unit – previous unit or = D2-C2
ii Total Bill Amount
= If (consumed unit > 250, ( consumed unit – 250) * 9.9+230*7.7+80, if (consumed unit>20(consumed unit – 20) *7.7 + 80 ))

1. Basic Salary

= If (Post = “manager”, 60,000, If (Post = ” Accountant”, 40,000, IF(Post = IT officer”, 35000, IF ( post =”Receptionist” 15000, IF (post = Security Guard”, 20,000,0 )))))

1. Provident fund (10%)

= Basic Salary * PF %
ex. = D10*10%

1. Tax

= IF ( Basic salary >= 50000, Basic Salary * 10%, IF (Basic salary > = 35000, Basic salary * 5%, IF (Basic salary> = 30000, Basic salary * 2%, 0 )))

1. Over time Amount

If(post) = “manager”,over time *2000, IF (Post = “Accountant” over time *1500, if (Post “IT officer”, over time * 1200 If (Post =”Receptionist”, over time *1000 ,if (post=”security Guard”, over time *7000,0)))))

1. Total Salary

= Basic Salary-provident fund – tax + OT Amount

Formula

1. Hour

=(Time out- time in) +(time out -time in)

1. Total hours

= Sum (select all hours )

1. Regular Hour

= Tack as your company record

1. Over Time Hours

= IF ( Total hrs > Regular Hours, Total hrs – Regular hour)

1. Pivot Table
→ A pivot table is powerful data summerization tool that can automatically sort, Count and sum the data Stored in tables and displays the summerized data.

# steps to make pivot table

1. create data
2. Then select this data and click on Insert Tab.
3. Click on pivot table option.
4. Then, dialog box of pivot table will appear.
5. In this dialog box, click on New worksheet option and click on ok option.
6. Then, pivot table field list will appear.
7. Now, drag and drop the Columns heading into row or Columns labels and numerical Columns into ‘value’ to create Pivot table

2. chart
Chart is group located inside insert tab. This group allows us to add charts on our active sheet according to data selected. This group contains many charts like column, Line, pic, Bar, Area and other types of chart.

Steps
1. Firstly, create a data
2. Select data then click on insert tab.
3 click on any Chart style to create chart on active

Formula

1. Annual Interest : = principal * (Time *12) *Rate / 100
2. year Interest : = Annual interest / Time
3. Monthly interest : = yearly Interest /12
4. DailyInterest : = monthly interest /30
5. 15 days Interest: = Daily Interest / 15
6. 6 Months Interest : Monthly Interest * 6 or yearly interest/2
7. Total Amount: = principal + Annual Interest

Power Point
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→ Ms Powerpoint is graphical presentation application designed by the Microsoft Company in America. It is the family member of MS office, Microsoft Powerpoint is specially used to prepare the presentation of any project for the teaching hall, Seminar Meeting, etc. The extension name of this application is “PPTX”

How to start powerpoint with run Command ?
Step:
i.Click windows key +R to bring run box .
ii.Run box dialog box will appear.
iiiType ” power point”.
iv.Finally click on ok.

office button
How to Saving the side presentation?
i)Go to office button and choose save option.
(ii) Then appear a dialog box.
iii.Choose location where you want to save.
iv. Type your name and click on ok button.

How to Setting the Page of side Presentation?
Steps:
i. Go to design tab choose Page Setup option.
ii. Then appear a dialog box.
iii. choose the orentation and choose paper.
iv. And click on ok button.

Delete side.
→ This command allows us to delete the selected side.
i) Position your cursor in the outline side number.
ii) click on delete option.

View Tab (Normal)
→ switch to normal view where you can work on one side at a time.

Slide Sorter
→ Displays Miniature (a small size picture) versions of all sliders in a presentation so that we can able to sort our side.

New Slide (ctrl+m)
→ prompts you to quick a slide layout and then inserts a new slide after the active slides.

frequently used powerpoint shortcuts.

Shortcut option.→ functions
1. Ctrl+D →Dublicate slide and objects
2.Ctrl+G →to group objects
3.Ctrl+Shift+G → to ungroup objects
4.Hyperlink & (Ctrl+k) → Hyper link
5.Ctrl+M → Insert new slide aften the selected side
6.Ctrl+N → New Presentation
7.Ctrl+T → font dialog box
8.F5 →side show, Run a presentation
9. Esc (Escape) → Exit the side show
10. Shift +F5 →View the slideshow from the current slide forward
11. Delete key → To delete the selected text, obiect and side
12. page up key → go to next side
13.Page down key → Go to Previous slide.
14. Ctrl + ] → Increase font size
15. Ctrl + [ → Decrease font size
16 Shift + F3 → Change Case
17. Alt + Shift + up arrow → move the selected paragraph up 18. Alt + Shift + down arrow → Move the selected paragraph down
19. Ctrl+P →Activate the pen tool during slide show.
20. E → Erase pen tool drawings during slide show.
21. Ctrl+A→ Change a pen tool to a pointer
22. slide number + Enter → Directly jump to the typed slide.
23. B→Make a current slide go to black
24.W → Make a current slide go to white.
25.Alt+Np → To Insert pictures. dow
Full from
Ctrl = Contral
Alt = Alter Net

Sum Element of power point
a.office button.
The office button is located in Top left Corner of the screen. It is allows you to open Save close and print, documents and per form other document out funcation Such as fax and Email.

b. Ribbon:
The ribbon Makes easier to she and find, commands to format your document.

C Tab:
It is the area on a ribbon that contains button organized in groups. The default Tabs are Home, Insert, dising Animations, slide show, review and view.

d. Slides and out line tab:
The slides tab shows thumbnail images of your slide, allowing you to rearrange and hide slide and view set transition’s as you use. The Outline Tab shows the content of your slides making it easy to rearrange your text.

e.slide pannel:
this panel is where you enter the Content of your slides.

f. Notes Panel:
This is where you can enter notes. If you wish to enter longer notes, you can, go to the view tab and select Notes page.

g. zoom slider:
This allows you to zoom in and out on the side panel.

h. View Buttons:
These three buttons include the Normal view, Shown here, the slide sorter which allows you to shuffle your slides, and the slide show, which shows the slides as if you were presenting.

Insert Tab
1.Slide Number:
This option helps to add the slide number to an individual slide.
Steps:

a.Make your presentation.
b. click on Insert tab and then click on side number option.
c. Then, click on Slide number.
d. Finally click on apply to all option.

2. Header and footer
– This option is used to add or change the text that appears at the top and bottom of every Slides.
Steps:
i) make your presentation.
ii) Click on Insert tab and then click on, Header and footer.. iii) Click on Notes and Handout’s option in the shown dialog box.
iv) Type Header and footer.
V.Lastly click on apply to all option..

3. Movies and sounds.
This option inserts a movie file in your slide so that you can play the movie during slide show
Steps:.
i) click on Insert tab.
ii)Click on “movie” option then click on ‘movie from file’ option.
iii.Select any video from your computer file.
iv. click on ok button and lastly click on ‘Automatically’ offion.

4. To Insert Sound on slide.
i click on insert tab.
ii) click on sound option then click on ‘sound from file’ option.
iii. select any music from computer file.
iv. Lastly dick on ‘ok’ button then click on ‘Automatically’ option.

5. To play same music to all slide

a. Firstly Select the audio from file and click on Insert button.
b. Then, Sound icon will appear on the slide.
c. Then, click on ‘play back’ option. appear on main menu tab.
d. Then, click on ‘start option.
e. lastly click on ‘play across slides’ option.

Design Tab.
1. To set background color
a. click on Design tab.
b. Click on ‘Background styles’ option.
c. Then, background styles will appears.
d. Finally, choose any design.

2. To set themes on slides
→ Click on design tab.
→ Then, Choose required Theme from liist.

3 To set the page of slide presentation.
→ Firstly go to design Tab and then press the page Setup option.
→ Then, page setup dialog box will appear.
→ Set Slider orientation, size. that is height and width
→ Finally, click on ok button..

Animations Tab
1.To apply the slide transition
a.Make your presentation.
b. Go to Animations Tab.
c.Then, Choose anyone transition from list.

2.costom Animation on every slides

a. Make a slide presentation and select the text.
b. Click on Animation tab..
c. Click on ‘Custom Animation option.
d. click on ‘Add effect option.
e. There will appear four animation effects. That is Entrance, Emphasis, Exit and motion path.
f. Set the animations.
g. Click on ok button.
h. In this way, you can easily set the custom animation to
other slides.

slide show Tab
1. Reheares Timings – The amount of time you spend on each slide is recorded and you can save those timings to run the show automatically in the future.

Steps
a. click on slide show Tab..
b.Click on rehears timing.
c. Then, rehears timing mode will start.
d. click on next button.
e. After few second click on pause button.
f. Again, click on the next button.
g. Follow the Same Steps unit your slides will finished.
h.finally click on ‘yes’ button.

2. To make a slide run on loop continuously
a.firstly, make your presentation.
b.Click on slide show tab.
c.Click on setup slide show option.
d.Click on “loop continuously unit Esc” box.
e.Finally Click on ok button.

Ms-Access

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What is Database Managment system (DBMS) ?
→ The computer Software to manage, maintain, data base as Well as View upate and retrieye data is called database Managment system.

What do you mean by data processing?
→ The term data processing embraces the technique of Sorting relating Interpeting and Computing items of data in oder to provide meaning and useful Information.

Some data base application
oracle, Ms-access, MSSQL Server, paradax, Dbase, faxpro, Mysql

What is the extension of Access database file?
→The extension of Access data base file is accdb.

What is Ms access ?
→ Ms- access is a RDBMS (Relational data base Managment System) application developed by Microsoft Inc. that runs on windows operating system.

What is database ?
→ A database is an orgnization of data related to a particular subject or purpose so that the data can be retrieved or processed.

What is primary key ?
→ A primary key is a rule which ensures that unique data is entered for the field and is not left blank This is the field that Would identify a record iniquely in table.

How to open Ms- access?
→steps

i)Go to start button.
iichoose all programs.
iii) choose Microsoft office 2007.
iv) Then Microsoft access window will appear
v)To create a new data base.
vi) click on blank data base.
Vii) Then show tesk pane right site of windows.
viiiType your file name.
ix) Then choose location where you want to Save your data. x)Finally click on Create option.

1. What are the components of Ms – Access
→The Components of MS-Access are:
a.Table
b. Report
c.Forms
d.queries

Table
→ Table is an object that is used to define and store data tables Contains fields or columns that store different kinds of data such as name or an address and records or nocos that collect all the information about a pasticulr. instance of the subject such as all the information about a costomes or employee etc.

what is field in Ms – Access table?
→ When you create a new table,access , asks you to define fields which is also known as Column headings Each Field must have a unique name and data type.

What is record in Ms- access table ?
→ in Access, table rows are referred to as records. A record is a unit of data that includes every piece of information in a given row.

# What is form ?
→ A form is a database object that you can use to enter. edit, or display data from a table or a query you can use forms to control and access to data, such as which fields of data are displayed.

# What Is Report ?
→ Reports are a great way to organize and Present data from our access database. Reports enable you to format data in an attractive and informative layout for printing or viewing on screen.

# What is query in Access ?
→ A query is an Access object used to views, analyze or modify data. The query design determines the fields and records you see and the sort order.

6.How to create a New Dababase in Ms-Access ?
→ To Create a new database, we have to do:
a. Firstly, Open MS-access program..
b. Then click on blank database.
c. Then, you will see a Pane on right side of the windows.
d. In this pane, type your file name.
e choose location, where you want to save your data.
f. Lastly, click on create button.

7. What is Relational Database? Explain.
→ A Relational database refers to a database that stores. data in structured format, using rows and columns. It is relational because the values within each table are related to each other.

8. What is primary key?
→ A primary key is a option on Design view of table which contain a unique value for each record of table. A table can not have more than one Primary key.

9 What is Design view?
→ Design view enables you to design your database.

10.what is data sheet view?
→ In datasheet view, information is displayed in rows and Columns.

11.How to create a list of address using different place/ city names?
→ Steps:
a. firstly open new data base.
b. Then go to design view.
c. Then click on drop down button of address data field.
d. Then, click on lookup wizard option..
e choose on ” I will type the value that I want.”
f. Then, click on next option.
g. create Place (city) list as you want and then click
on next option.
h. If you want to choose more than one place (city) then click on Allow multiple Values”
i) Finally Click on finish button.
j.To fill data go to data sheet View.
k If you want to add more names for place (city) then again go to design view and click on Address data type.
l.Again, go to datasheet view and enter the record to
make table as your need.

2. What is form ? Define. ?
→ A form is a database object that you can use to enter, edit or display data from table, you can use forms to control and access data like which fields of data are displayed.

2. How to create form?
→ We can create form to easily record our information. →Steps:
i.Firstly, Make a table.
ii.Then click on create tab and click on form option.
iii) Then, Form will be created.
iv) Finally, design and format your form and then save it.

3. How to create form by using form wizard?
→ Steps:
i.Firstly, select the table.
ii.Then, go to create tab and then click on more forms option.
iii.Then, choose form wizard option
iv.Then Form wizard box will appear.
v)choose fields from Available fields box and then click
on next option
vi) Then choose any one form layout and click on next option.
vii finally give a name to your form.
Viii Lastly, click on finish’ option to completely create a form.

4. How to add a Button on form?
→ Steps:
a.Firstly make a form.
b. Then, go to design view.
c. choose Button’ option from design tab..
d. Draw button on form then command Button wizard box will appear.
e) Then, choose button category and action.
f) Then, Choose ‘text’ or ‘pictures’ as you need then click on next’ option.
g. Lastly, click on ‘Finish’ option.

5. What is Report ?
– A Report is a great way to organize and present data from our access data base Reports enable you to format your data in an attractive and informative layout.

1. How to make report ? Define.
steps:
→ We can make reports by using following steps:
a.Firstly, choose table.
b. Then, click on create tab.
c Then, click on report option.
d Finally, you will get report.

You can easily modify and delete Report’s table’s and Form’s data by click on row, Column and cell.

2.How to make Reports from Report wizard?
– steps:
a.Firstly, choose table.
b. click on create tab and then click on ‘Report. wizard’ option.
c.Then, Report wizard’ box will appear
d. In this box, select the required fields and then click on ‘Next’ option.
e. If you want to add any grouping levels or you want to
give priority to one field then choose any field name other wise click on ‘Next’ option.

f Give any Layout to your report and press ‘Next’ option.
h. Finally, give a name to your report and click on finish
option.
(i) Finally, you have a report. you can easily use report view print Preview, layout view and design view for your report by clicking view option.

3. What query ? How to make query from table?
→ A query is an access object used to view, analyze and modify data. we can able to use required fields and to apply formula inquery
Steps:
a. Firstly, select the table.
b. Then, click on ‘create’ tab and click on query wizard option.
c. Then, new query’ dialog box will appear.
d. Then, click on simple query wizard and then click on
ok option.
e. Then choose required fields from list.
f.Then click on Next option and choose “modify the query design.
g. Lastly, click on finish option.

4. Mark Sheet formula in Query
a.Total =
:[ English ]+ [Nepali]+[math]+[ science]

b.precent =
: [total] /4

(c) Result =
:IIF ([ English ] >=32 and [Nepali]>=32 and [math]>= 32,[Science] =>32, “passs”,”Fail”)

d. division =
: IIF( [precent ] >= 80 “Distinction, IIF ([precent ] >=60, “First”, IIF ([ Precent ]>= 45, “second”, IIF( [precent] >=32, “Third”, “No division “)))) [ No-Space ]

e. Remark =
:IIF ([division]=”Distinction”, “Excellent”, IIF ([division ] = “first”, “well done”, IFF ([division ] = “second”, “Very Good”, IIF ([ division]= “Third”, “Not Bad”, “Try again” )))) [No-space]

Difference between forms and Reports
a. A form Provides an inter face which allows to enter, Change and view information about table record separately.
b.while Reports gathered the information of all tables record which can be printed.

Difference between Report and Tables.
a. A table contains data structures in rows and columns which are called record and field in Access.
b. Report are designed on the basis of the table and Consist summerization of data on table.

Difference between Excel and Access
Access

Data storing capacity is less than Access.
Data storing capacity is higher than Excel.
Helps to create charts graphics and to perform calculations.
Use to store and manage data in database.
Easier than Access.

Excel

Complex than Excel.
It is spread sheet software.
It is data base software.
In Excel we can not make forms , reports and query.
In access we can make forms reports and query.

Adobe Photoshop

1. What is Adobe Photoshop?
→ Adobe Photoshop is one of the best popular Graphics (Images) Designing package (GDP). It was developed in 1987 by two American brothers ‘Thomas’ and ‘John Knoll’. It is the Industry standard image editing program. It is used in desktop designing package. with the help of this program You can create, modify your own design with different Colour management and different colour effect features.

2. How to open Adobe Photoshop ?
Method-1
• click on start button..
•Choose Programs
• click on Adobe Photoshop 7.0

Method -2.
•click the shortcut windows key+R from keyboard.
•Then type photoshop inside the ‘Run’ box.
•Finally click ‘ok option’ or press “Enter key
•Then, photoshop will opened.

3 For What purpose photoshop is used?
i.Adobe photoshop allows users to create designs, book Covers, logos, marketing materials for business.

ii.Users Can also draw or design maps, Satellite views. River or even small icons.

iii.photoshop is used by photoshop hers, graphic, designers video game artits, advertising and meme designers.

iv) used in Web designing and in multimedia.

4.RGB Colour in Adobe Photoshop
RGB means, Red, Green and Blue colour in photo shop

Colour To Hide Press
– Red ctrl+1
– Green ctrl+2
– Blue ctrl+3
To show all three colours (RGB) then Press ctrl+ wave key (~) from keyboard.

5. function key in Adobe photoshop
function keys -: work /task

FI →Help
F2 → cut
F3 → Copy
F4 → paste
F5 → Show/ Hide Brush palette
F6 → Show/ Hide colour palette
F7 → Show/ Hide layer palette.
F8 → Info palette
F12 →Revert.
B → Brush key

shortcut keys in Adobe Photoshop

shortcut options Work
1.ctrl+o → open
2. ctrl+N → New file
3.ctrl+’+’ → Zoom in
4.ctrl+’–’ → Zoom out
5.ctrl+zero (0) → fit on screen
6.ctrl+” → Show/Hide Gird lines
7.Alt + drag → Dublicate
8.ctrl+z → only one undo
9.ctrl+Alt+z → Multiple undo
10.ctrl+shift+z → Multiple Redo
11.Ctrl+ R → show/Hide Ruler
12.Ctrl+T → Transform
13.Ctrl+A → Select all
14. Ctrl+D → Deselect
15. Ctrl+ Shift+D → Reselect
16.Ctrl+Shift+I → select inverse
17.Ctrl+shift+N → Insert New Layer
18.ctrl+s → save
19.ctrl+shift+s → Save as
20. ctrl+W → Close picture
21. Alt + Backspace → Fill foreground Colour
22.Ctrl+ Back space → background Colour
23. Ctrl+Shift + > → To increase font size
24. Ctrl+ Shift + < → to decrease font size
25. Ctrl + Shift + k → upper lower case
26. Ctrl + E → Morge Layer
27. Ctrl+ C(f3) → Copy
28. Ctrl+v (f4) → Paste
29. Ctrl+p → Print
30. ctrl+Alt+ A → Select all Layers

1. What do you mean by Graphics and Image ?
→ Graphics are taken from Camera, scanners and made from illustrator, paint program and presentation software.
Image is the graphical representation of object, persons or animals which denotes the pictorial format like that is painted or drew from Camera or Scanners.

There are two types of computer graphics:
a. Raster Graphics: A raster (bitmap) graphic is created from rows of different coloured pixels that together for m an image.

b. Vectors Graphics: Vector graphics. are constructed by using Mathematical formula describing shapes and colours.

2. What is Resolution ? Define
→ Resolution is the fineness of detail in bitmap image and is measured in (Pixels per inch PPI) The more pixels Per inch the greater the resolution.

3.What is pixels?
→The term ‘pixel’ is short for picature element and pixels are the tiny building blocks that makeup all digital images. An image is built from small-small thousand and millions of pixels. The quality of an image based on the pixel.

4. What is Palette ? Define?
→ palettes are the groups of tools used to edit and maniput ate your Image. Photoshop Contains many palettes that can be shown and hidden by using the window menu and selecting the palette you wish to reveal. like Navigator, Palette, Brush palette, colour, palette, layer palette,info palette, History palette etc..

Advantages of layers
→ We can easily remove the changes by deleting the Separate layer.
→ we can save our image from damage or blur.
→we can restrict any modifications with the help of lock image option which is located in layer palette.
→By using layers we can also able to merge our layers to make our design Complete.

About Menu Bar
The menu bar consists of nine menus which are:- Pile, Edit. Image, Layer, Select, filter, view, windows and Help.

2 File Menu
To Create Blank file (New)
– click on file menu.
-Then, click on ‘New’ option.
-Then, New dialog box will appear.
-Choose Paper size, colourmade and Resolution and click on ok option.

To open photos (open)
-click on file menu.
-click on open.
-search and select the picture and click on open.
or
– Double click on empty part of the Photoshop layout.
– Search and select the picture and click on open.

What is layer palette? Also difine layer.
=>The layer palette contains names of all layers of an image using a layer palette you can create, delete, show and hide layers. You can also create layer group and merge layer by the use of layer palette.

layer encourage photographers to contort their images in editing. It is a simple concept that increases the Power and Plexibility of building images much easier.

iii) Saving Images (ctri+s)

→ click on file menu.
→ click on Save option.
→Select the location where you want to save the picture.
→Type file name and select required file format like PSD, JPEG, GIF, PNG etc.
→ At last click on save option.

Full Form of Seme file format.
1.PSD → photoshoop Document
2.JPEG →Joint Photographic Experts Group
3.GIF → Graphic Interchange format.
4.PNG→portable Network Graphics
5.PDG→portable document format

iv) print the file
→ make your design.
→ click on file menu.
→Then, a dialog box will appear here click on procced button.
→ Then print dialog box will appear.
→Then Choose printer and click on ‘ok’ option.

1. How to make passport size photo?
→The Steps to make passport size photo is given by – Take Height -1.3 inch weight -1.1 inch.

– Open the required images.
-Then Select crop tool.
-Then Set ‘weight’ and ‘Height’ in properties toolbar.
– Finally insert resolution. (300 PPI)
– Then Crop your image and press Enter key.
-Then go to filee menu.
-Choose new 4×6 size page.
– using move tool drag the cropped picture into the new page.
– Then, Set Strake to an image by using edit menu.

b. Edit Menu
i) Stroke – This option gives border to an image .

Q. How to set stroke on passport size photo ?
→ Steps:
– Firstly Select an image
-Then go to Edit Menu.
– click on ‘Stroke’ option.
– Then go click on ‘stroke’ option.
-Define required Stroke width in pixel and choose colour.
– Lastly click on ‘Ok’ option.

ii) Free Transform :- This option helps to resize and rotate our image.

Q. How to set free Transform?
→ Steps:
– Firstly, select the image.
-Then, click on Edit option.
-click on ‘pree transform option.
or
-press ‘Ctri+t’ from keyboard.

1. About Tool box
→ The tool box contain different types of tools for and editing images. This tools can be selected Creating by clicking the icons in the tool box. Each tool have some hidden tools. When we place the mouse over the tools the name and keyboard shortcut is shown for that particular tool.

There are many tools inside tool box which are listed as:

a. Marquee tools (M)
this This tool makes or selects rectangular (Square) and elliptical (circular) Selections an images.

Q. How to use feather on an image after selection?
→Steps:
– open an image.
– Then, make selection using Rectangular or elliptical Marquee tool.
– Define required feather radius, like 5 pixel in a box. Feather [5PX]
– Then, press Enter key.
– Now, you must select any image or part of an image with feather.
or

– open an image.
-Then go to ‘select’ menu.
– click on feather option or press Alt + ctrl+D
– Define required feather in pixel.
– Lastly, click on ok option.

b.Move Tool (v)
This tool moves Selections, image and layers on image.

c. lassoTool (L)
This tool makes three types of selections which Lasso tool (Freehand ) Polygonal lasso Tool (straight Edged) and Magneti (snap to) Selections of an image.

d. The magic Wand Tool (W)
This tool selects areas Similar Colour with a single.

C. Crop Tool (c)
This tool crops (cut) image to remove un wanted parts of an image.

c. How to crop an image using crop tool?
→ Steps:
– open an image which you want to crop.
– click on crop tool or press ‘C’ from keyboard
– Click and drag over the image.
-Finally, press Enter key to Crop an image.

f.i) slice tool(k)
This tool creates mang cuts or slices of an image. It divides an image into smaller selections.

ii) slice Selection tool(k)
The slice Selection tool selects Slices and move the slice from one place to another in an image.

g(i)Healing Brush Tool (I)
This tool is used to repair and to remove Aark spot of an images.

Q. How to repair image using healing brush tool?

Steps:
– open required image.
– click on Healing Brush tool.
– press ‘Alt’ key on clean and fair area of image.
– Finally, move the Healing brush to dark spot and click on it.

ii) patch Tool (J)
This tool is used to remove large scratch of image.

Q. How to use patch tool to remove large dark spots and scratch of an image?

→ Steps:
• open an image
•Then Select patch tool.
•Select dark spot or Scratch with patch tool.
• Move this selection on clear area of image.
•Finally, the dark spot will be cleaned.

(i) Brush Tool (B)
This tool paints brush lines use is used to make grass, flowers and other design and to insert Kazol, eye-shadow etc.

Steps:

– Firstly, open an image.
– Then, Choose brush tool.
– Choose colour brush type and size.
-Choose brush opacity.
-Then Drag the brush over required part of an image.

ii) Pencial tool (B)
The gradiant tool paints dark lines on an image.It is also a painting tool of photoshop.

k (i) Gradient Tool (G)
The gradiant tool is used to fill an area of image with different colours paints affect gradiants. The Starting point and ending point affect gradiant’s appearance.

Steps:-
– open a new file or select the required layer.
– Click on gradient tool.
– choose any gradient style from option bar.
– Insert the required opacity value.
– Drag the gradient over opened file or shape.

(ii) Paint Bucket tool (G)
This tool fills similar Coloured greas with foreground Colour.

Steps:-
-Firstly, choose any foreground colour.
-click on that layer where you want to paint using this tool.
-Right click on gradient tool.
-Then, click on paint bucket tool.
-lastly, click on the required area of picture to fill colours.

L(i) Blur Tool

This tool (blurs) Soften the image.

(ii)Shrpen Tool.

This tool sharpens blurred area of an image.

(ii) Smudge Tool

This tool is used to stretch or contract image.

Steps:-
– Open a photo.
– click on Smudge Tool.
-Left click and drag over the required area of an image.

M. (i) Dodge Tool (0)
This tool lightens the selected area of an image..

Steps:-
– Open a Photo
– Choose dodge tool.
– left click and drag over required area of an image.

(ii). Burn Tool (0)
This tool is opposite of dodge tool. This tool drakens the selected area of an image.

Steps:-
– open a photo.
– Choose burn tool.
– left click and drag over required area of an image.

(iii) SpongeTool (0)
This tool changes the colour saturation of selected area of an image.

(n.) Text Tool (T)
This tool is used to write text.

(i)Horizontal type tool :~
to type horizontally.

(ii)vertical Type Tool :- To Type vertically.

Q. How to give any style to a text?

Steps:-
-Type text using text tool.
– click on windows menu.
– Then, click on Style option.
– Then, Style Palette will appear.
– Choose any style for text.

Q. How to change text shape?

→ Steps:
(i)Type text using text tool.
(ii) click on “create wrap text” (nom options from) option bar.
(iii)then ‘wrap text’ box will appear.
(iv)choose any style and click on ‘ok’ option.

O. pen tool (P)
This tool is used to make shape as we need and make Selection.

Q. How to make selection using pen tool?

steps:-
(i)firstry open a file.
(ii)Then, Choose ‘pen tool’.
(iii)Click on ‘Shape layer’ from option bar.
(iv) make any type of shape.
(v)finally press ctrl+ Enter to make selection.

P. Path Selection Tool (A) –
The path Selection tool is used to select and move an entire path at once.

q. (i)Shape Tool (0)
:- This tool draw round shape Ellipse, Rounded, rectangle, Rectangle, Polygon and lines by selecting the required Shape from tool box.

Q. How to use shape tool?

(i)open a new file.
(ii)select any Shape from shape tool.
(iii)Choose any foreground colour.
(iv)Insert new layer.
(v) click and drag over the blank file to create a shape as your need.

Q. How to insert photo inside shape?
→Firstly make any shape using shape tool.
→ Right click on that shape.
→Then, click on make Selection option.
→open new photo from file menu.
→ Then, select this photo using shortcut ctrl+A. →Then, go to Edit menu and click on copy.
→ finally, click on that selected shape.
→click on Edit menu.
→And click on paste Into option.

(ii) Custom shape Tool (v)

:- It includes a collection of predesigned Shapes like star, sum, tree, moon, flower, fire, grass, square, clouds etc.

Q. How we can use custom shape tool?
→ open new file.
→ Click on custom shape tool.
→ click on drop down arrow from shape to create in the option bar.
→ There are many Shapes inside this list.
→ click my shape.
→ Then make this shape by dragging it into the document.
→Now, the Shape will be made in the document.

R) Eye dropper Tool(I)
This tool is used to pick required colour from any part of an image for foreground Colour.

S) Zoom Tool (z)
This tool gives large view of an image at the selected area.

T) Hand Tool (H)
This tool helps to click and drag in an image to view different area when Zoomed in.

U.(i)Clone Stamp Tool (s)
:- This tool copies Pixels from one area of an image and paint them over other grea. It is used to make clone of any part of an image.

→Steps
→Firstly, Open an image.
→Then, select Clone Stamp tool.
→ select an area of image to make clone by pressing ‘Alt’ key from keyboard.
→ Finally, drag over the place where you want to set clone.

(T) Pattern Stamp Tood (S)
This tool is used to make background using different Pattern design.

Q) How to change photos Background using pattern stamp tool?

Steps:
→Open required photo.
→Select background with lasso tool or magic wand tool.
→choose pattern stamp tool from fool box.
→Choose any pattern design from option bar.
→Finally, fill background of photo.

V. History Brush Tool (y)
: This option is used to remove changes of an image.

W.(i)Eraser Too(E)
This option is used to erase any part of an image.

(ii)Magic Eraser Tool (E)
It Selets and erase areas of similar colour with a single click.

(iii)Background Eraser tool (E)
It is same as eraser tool which erase picture.

Q. How to do Inverse Selection?
→ Steps:
→Firstly, open a photo.
→Then, click on Marquee Tool and choose any of them.
→ Then, Select any part of image.
→Go to ‘select’ menu.
→click on ‘Inverse’ or press (ctrl+shirt+I) to select Inverse.

Q. How to duplicate an image?
→ Steps:
i) Firstly, Open required. image.
ii) Then, click on Image menu.
iii) Click on Duplicate option.
iv) Give any name.
v) Click on ‘ok’ option.

Q. why we use Brightness and contrast an Image? Also discuss Steps to apply it.
→ we use Brightness and contrast option to adjust “mage’s brightness and to change its contrast. To make more attractive photo and design we use brightness and contrast option.

→Steps
i) open required images.
ii) click on Image menu
iii)click on Brightness / contrast option.
iv) move the sliders of Brightness / contrast as needed.
v) Lastly click on ‘ok’ option.

Q. How to make Black and white photo?

→ Steps:
i) open required photo.
ii) Then, click on ‘Image’ menu.
iii) Click on Adjustment option.
iv) Lastly, click on “Desaturate’ option.

5. How to make shadow of image?

→Steps:
•Firstly open required image.
• Then Select an object or person using lasso tool.
Or
remove background using magic erasertool.
• Then, move selected part of an image into new file.
•Right click on the layer from Mayer Pallete.
•Then, click on Blending option.
•Click on Drop shadow option from ‘Layer Style” box.
•click on ok option.
•Right click on the ‘drop shadow’ effect.
•Then, click on ‘create Layer’ option and press ok.
•Select that layer and press ctrl+T and the shadow on appropriate position using ‘ctrl ‘ key.
• lastly manage the ‘opcity’ and fell from layer pallete for the Shadow.

Q. How to change black and white picture into Coloured image?
→ Steps:
i) open black and white image.
ii) Then make duplicate of image.
iii) Firstly Select cloth of an image using palygonal Lasso tool.
iv) Then, click on image menu and click on adjustment.
v) Then, click on Variation option and then click on required Colour.
vi) click on ‘ok’.
vii) Then an select skin of an images and click on image menu.
Viii) choose adjustment option then click on ‘Hue / saturation’ option and click on colorize option.
ix)Then, set Hue (-9) saturation (-31) and lightness (+3)
x) Lastly, click on ‘ok’.

Adove pagemaker

What is page maker 7.0? give definition ?
→ Page maker 7.0 is one of the best and popular destop. Publishing designing programe developed by adove comparation with the help of this program we can create any kinds of designs like visiting Cards, Identity any card advertisement, logo, pamphlet, newspaper etc.

The Components of Page maker are:

1. Tod box
2. Ruler
3. Master Pages
4. Control palette
5. Page Boundary
6. margin guides
7. standand fool box

how to open page maker 7.0
→ Steps (Method-1)
i) click on “start” button.
ii) Choose all “program
iii) choose “adove page maker 7.0”

Method-2

i.click shortcut windows with R to bring run box.
ii.Type “pm 70” inside run box.
iii.press ‘Ok’ option or. prees Enter key from keyboard.

3. About Tool box
(Tool bar) :- in Page maker, there are 14 types of tools found inside tool bar which are used tools to create, edit, move, view found your document designs.

(a) Selection tool ( Pointe Tool)
– This Tool is used to select and move the object or item from one location to another location. This is used to delete the selected items and resize. The selected objects.
(b)Text Tool:-
– This Tool is used to make Text area by dragging the mouse’s left button. Over the page to type text.
(c)Rotate tool: This tool is used to flip or rotate selected object in any direction as our need.
(d)Crop Tool:
– This tool Crops (removes) un Wanted parts of the picture.
Q. How to crop the picture ?
– steps:
•Choose file menu.
•click “place” option.
•Choose any Picture from the Computer folder.
•Drag Picture the mouse wherever you want to place the
Picture.
• Select Crop fool.
•By dragging the selection point of the picture inside the picture you can crop your image.
(e) Diagonal Line Tool :- This tool is used to draw diagonal
Line.
f)Horizontal and vertical line Tool:- This tool is used to
draw a straight horizontal and vertical lines.
(g) Rectangle tool: This tool is used to draw rectangle
and Square Shapes.
(h) Rectangle Frame : This tool creates rectangle frame.
i) oval Tool : This tool arow a circle, ellipse or oval shape
(j) oval Frame : This tool creates Circle ellipse or oval frame.
(k) Polygon Tool: This tool draw a polygon Shapes.
(l) polygon Frame : this tool creates polygon frames.
(m)Hand Tool: This tool is used to move our document Page.
Alt + drag. → Hand Tool
(n) Zoom Tool :This tool is used to increase or decrease
document size.

short cut keys in Adobe Page maker..

short cut key→ functions
Ctrl + N → New document
Ctrl + O → Open
ctrl +s → save
Ctrl+ w → close
Ctrl + Shift+s → save as
Ctrl + D → Place
Ctrl + Shift + p → page setup
Ctrl + Q → Quit
Ctrl + A → All select
Ctrit k → preferences
ctrl + C → copy
Ctrl+ v → paste
Ctrl+z → one undo
Ctrl + E → edit story
Ctrl + Shift + B → Bold.
Ctrl+ shift+ U→ underline.
Ctrl + Shift + I → italic
Ctrl + Shift + C→ Center Alignment
Ctrl + Shift + R → Right Alignment
Ctrl+ Shift +W → Edit story close
PAGE AGE NO. DATE 02
Ctrl+shift+> → increase font size
Ctrl+shift+< → decrease font size
Ctrl + Shift + L→ Left Alignment
Ctrl+Shift + J → Justify
Ctrl +Shift + \\\\ → Superscript
Ctrl+ \\\\ → subscript
Ctrl + Shift + k → Upper case.
Ctrl + G → Group
Ctrl+ Shift+G → Ungroup
Ctrl + U → Fill and Stroke
Ctrl+T → character specification
Ctrit + ‘+’ → Zoom in
Ctrl + ‘-‘ → Zoom out
Ctrl + 1→ Actual Size
Ctrl +2 → 200 Percent
Ctrl +4 → 400 percent
Ctrl +5→ 50 percent.
Ctrl +7→ 75 percent
F9 → Activate selection tool
Shift +F2 → Activate Rotate tool
Shift+F3 → diagonal line Tool
shift +F4 → Rectangle tool
Shift + F5→ oval Tool
Shift + F6→ Polygon Tool
Shift + F7→Hand Tool
Shift + Alt + F1 → Text Tool
Shift + Alt +F3 → straight line tool
Shift + Alt + F² → Crop Tool
Ctrl+ ‘ →Show/ hide Control
Ctrl+ j → colour palette
Ctrl+ B → Show Style
Ctrl+P → print
Ctrl+L → Lock
Ctrl+ Alt +L → unlock
Ctrl+ 6 → Mask
Ctrl+ Alt +6 → Unmask
Ctrl + ] → Bring to front
Ctrl + [ → Send to Back
Ctrl+Shift+ ]→ Bring forward
Ctrit+ shift + [ → Send to backward
important
Q. How to do a setting of Nepali font?
To manage punctuation (क Πक
→ Steps:

i) Click on pile menu.
ii) Click on preference option.
iii)Then, click on general option or press the shortcut key
Ctrl+k.
iv)Then, preferences dialog box will appear.
V) click on more..
vi)Now, remove the tick mark of “use hypographer’s quotes”
vii) Then, click on’ ok’ option.
vii) Agian,click on ok button.

About Control Palette

→ page maker contains three different types of control Palette which are :
a) Control palette of Text
b) Control palette of line
c) Control palette of object/shape.

About colour palette → To show hide Colour Palette Press Ctrl + J from keyboard. .

Q. To apply colour on text
→ Steps:
i. Type text using text tool.
ii. Select the text.
iii. Press Ctrl+j to open colour palette.
iv. Click on any colour from list.

Q. To apply colour on the object/shape
→ Steps :
i. Draw any shape using Rectangle shape too.
ii) Select that shape from Selection tool.
iii. press Ctrl+j to open Colour Palette.
iv. click on a colour icon from colour palette.
v. Click on any color that you want to fill.

Q. How to Insert column Guides on our page maker
file?
– Steps:
i.click on Layout menu.
ii) Click on Column guide dialog box will appear.
iii. Type the number of columns.
iv Insert the Space between the coloumns.
V. Click on ‘ok’ option.

• Group (ctrl+g): “This option groups our drawing object hence act like single object.

Q.How to group objects on pagemaker?
→ Steps:
i) Make more than two objects.
ii) Select all objects.
iii.click on Element menu.
iv. Then, click on group option.

* Ungroup (ctrl+ shift+g) :- To separate grouped object
steps:
i. Firstly, click on grouped object
ii Then, click on element menu.
iii) Click on ungroup option.

* Lock (Ctrl+L): you can lock individual objects in their
Respective Place.
Steps:
i) click on the object.
ii.click on element menu.
iii.click on Lock option.

* Unlock (Ctrl +shift + L) To Unlock locked drawings.
→ Steps
i.Select locked object.
ii) Click on Element menu.
iii.click on unlock option.

*Mask (ctrl+ 6)
Steps
i. click on file menu.
ii.click on Place option and choose any picture.
iii.click on open and drag the mouse over page…
iv.Draw any shape over Picture
v. select both picture and shape.
vi. click on Element menu.
vii. Click on “mask” option.

* UnMask (Ctrl + Shift + 6)
Steps:
i.Select the masked object.
ii. click on Element menu..
iii. Click on ” UN mask” option.

* Bullet and Numbering
→ This option is used to set the bullet and numbering into selected paragraph.

Q. How to Use Bullet and Numbering?
→ Steps:
i. Type text or make Paragraph and select this text or paragraph using text tool.
ii.click on utilities menu and choose plug-ins option.
iii.Click on Bullet and Numbering option.
iv. click on “Edit” option and choose any symbol.
v.Then, click on ok buttom
vi. If you want to take number as bullet ther go to Utilities < plug-ins < Bullet and Numbering < then choose Numbering option.
iv.Choose any numbering format and click on ok option.

* Index Entery,
→ This option helps to enter Index of selected heading.

Q.How to Make Inder on pagemaker ?
→Steps
i. Make Some text on Page.
ii. Select these text to make them index and open styles palette by clicking ctrl +B.
iii. Choose Heading styles for all selected text.
iv. Go to utilites menu and click on create index option.
v.Click on add option and then press ok.
vi click on page where you want the index.
Vii) Click on utilities menu and click on Create index option. viii) Click on ok option and drag the mouse over page to make index.

* Table of Content
→ This option helps to create list of contents

Q.How to make table of content?
Steps
i. open Five Pages:
ii) then, leave first page Empty.
iii.Type text on rest of pages.
iv. Apply heading on the required text to make it content by clicking Ctrl+j.
v. Now, jump into first page and click on utilities menu.
vi. Click on plug-ins and choose table of contents (TOC) option.
vii.click on ok option and drag the mouse over first page to set table of contents.

Q. How to create border on Pagemaker ?
→ Steps :
i. make rectangle shape on the file.
ii. Fill stroke and line colour as you like.
iii. open symbol option and choose any shape from list on Microsoft office word.
iv. Copy that symbol and paste it in pagemaker
v.. Now, set that symbol in the boundary.
vi) Select that symbol and click ctrl+ c.
vii Click on Edit menu and click on “paste multiple” option.
viii) Now enter the number of copies you want on .….copies.
ix) Then, click on ok option.
X. In this way, make border on all sides and press Ctrl+A. xi.Then, press Ctrl +G from keyboard to group the border.

Q. How to insert picture on file ?
→ Steps
i. Click on file menu.
Ii. Then, click on place option (Ctrl+D)
iii.Choose any picture and click on ok option.
iv.Drag the mouse over the file to insert picture.

• Rounded corner. This option changes the pointed corner into rounded corner of selected rectangle shape.
Steps:
i. Draw a Rectangle shape.
ii. Select this shape and click on Element menu.
iii.click on Rounded corner from the list.
iv.choose any rounded corner from the list.
v.then click on ok option.”

Q. How to do Polygon setting?
→steps:
i) Double Click on polygon Tool.
ii) Then, polygon setting dialog box will appear.
iii) Increase or decrease the number of polygon sides by dragging slider.
iv) increase or decrease the star in set by dragging its slider.
v Lastly, click on ok option and draw that shape..

Q. How to insert Picture inside star shape?
→ steps:
i) click on file and choose place option.
ii) choose picture and click on open.
(iii) Draw mouse to insert picture.
iv) Draw a star shape over that picture..
V) select both picture and shape by pressing shift key.
Vi) click on Element menu.
vi) click on ‘mask’ or press +6

Q. How to create a new document pagemaker?
→ Steps
i) click on file menu.
ii) Then, click on New option.
iii) Document setup dialog box will appear.
iv) In this dialog box choose page size, Dimensions orientation margin etc.
v) Lastly, click on ok option.

Q. The options Inside Document setup.
1) Page Size: This option indicates the size of Paper for the document.
ii) Dimensions :This option indicates the width and height of the paper you choosed in page size box.
iii)Orientation. There are two type of page orientation.
a.⭕ Tall b⋅ o wide
iv) Options – ✓ Double sided.
✓ facing pages
• Remove the tick mark from double sided, if you want to create one sided Page..
V.) Number of pages: Enter the number of page you want to Create on your file.
vi) start page – Enter the page number from which page you want to start your file.